Deck 2: Ethics and Research

Question 1

Beauchamp and Childress (2012) defined ______ theories in terms of the end justifying or legitimizing the means and the promotion of the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

A) utilitarian
B) deontological
C) altruistic
D) liberal

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Beauchamp and Childress (2012) defined the ______ approach in terms of decisions about right and wrong.

A) utilitarian
B) deontological
C) altruistic
D) liberal

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In the ______ theory, the outcome is less important than following the rule or principle.

A) utilitarian
B) deontological
C) altruistic
D) liberal

Answer 3

B

Question 4

One rule within ______ theory is the Golden Rule (treat others as you would like to be treated) that guides actions.

A) utilitarian
B) deontological
C) altruistic
D) liberal

Question 5

______, according to Beauchamp and Childress, involves the concept of self-rule and self-choice.

A) Autonomy
B) Justice
C) Fidelity
D) Nonmaleficence

Question 6

______ refers to doing what is best for another or looking out for another.

A) Autonomy
B) Beneficence
C) Fidelity
D) Nonmaleficence

Question 7

______ is the complementary to beneficence and concerns doing no intentional harm.

A) Autonomy
B) Justice
C) Fidelity
D) Nonmaleficence

Question 8

______ involves the fair distribution of resources.

A) Autonomy
B) Justice
C) Fidelity
D) Nonmaleficence

Question 9

______ refers to keeping one's promise or commitment.

A) Autonomy
B) Justice
C) Fidelity
D) Nonmaleficence

Question 10

Peer review of research is done through a formally established institutional body referred to as the ______.

A) IBR
B) IRB
C) BRI
D) RIB

Question 11

______ monitors and sanctions scientists who engage in ethical violations or scientific misconduct.

A) The United States Institutional Review Board
B) The Office of Research Integrity
C) The Food and Drug Administration
D) The Office of Ethical Sanctions

Question 12

The focus of professional codes has been on ______.

A) the ethical treatment of research participants
B) the ethics of population research
C) the ethical treatment of animals used in research
D) the ethical treatment of consumers

Question 13

In ______, the Alabama state health officer solicited assurance from the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) that participants would eventually receive treatment.

A) the Milgram study
B) the Alabama Public Health Service study
C) the Tuskegee Syphilis study
D) the Tuskegee HIV study

Question 14

In ______, subjects were led to believe by the experiment that they were participating in a learning study.

A) the Milgram study
B) the Alabama Public Health Service study
C) the Tuskegee Syphilis study
D) the Tuskegee HIV study

Question 15

A study addressing the effects of various children's services on outcomes like incarceration, hospitalization, and pregnancy among your adults was conducted by ______.

A) Gostin
B) Pandiani, Banks, and Schacht
C) Kelman
D) Blanton and Dagenais

Question 16

According to Houser, studies like the one used by Stanley Milgram may contribute to ______ in participating in psychological research.

A) shame
B) deception
C) mistrust
D) hesitation

Question 17

All of the following are questions that consumers of counseling and education research might ask to determine the ethical quality of research published, EXCEPT ______

A) Are there possible negative implications?
B) What are the possible benefits?
C) Is the sample representative?
D) Is the study useful for the researchers?

Question 18

The following provide ethical guides that address specific procedures for the protection of human subjects EXCEPT ______.

A) IRB
B) OHRP
C) ACA
D) ARP

Question 19

When applying the principle of beneficence to population research, researchers ask all of the following, EXCEPT ______

A) What are the possible benefits of the research for the population?
B) What population will most benefit from the services provided by the research?
C) Will the research yield services that are of high quality?
D) Will the research serve the researchers needs?

Question 20

The Tuskegee study ended in 1972 when it became ______ that the subjects had standard treatment withheld.

A) apparent
B) public
C) obvious
D) observable

Question 21

There are no federal laws that protect human subjects against potentially harmful research practices.

Question 22

Self-choice includes full disclosure of information, which makes it possible to make an informed choice.

Question 23

In obtaining informed consent for research purposes, counselors must use language that is clear and understandable to participants.

Question 24

Deception in research is used even when other methods are available.

Question 25

There are ethical guides that address specific procedures for the protection of human subjects.

Question 26

Federal legislation (OHRP, 1993) requires that investigators who are associated with institutions that receive federal funds must submit their studies to an extensive review by peers after the study has been conducted.

Question 27

Guidelines for reviewing research proposals include requirements for informed consent, an evaluation of risks and benefits, and confidentiality.

Question 28

Consumers of research are interested in the ethics of research that focuses on interpreting results, and the implications for those for whom they provide services in the practice of their professions.

Question 29

Both the APA and the ACA include ethical codes that specifically address population research ethics.

Question 30

The National Institutes of Health (NIH), which in part funds medical research, has historically approved mostly studies involving White males, to the general exclusion of women.

Question 31

List the general principles of ethical guidelines.

Question 32

List two of the four areas the ACA Ethical Codes address under research.

Question 33

List three of the eight areas the APA ethical codes address regarding research.

Question 34

Provide a brief description of "Do no harm."

Question 35

A review of public records shows that researchers do engage in scientific misconduct and there are consequences. What are some of these consequences?

Question 36

Define utilitarian theoretical approach in ethics.

Question 37

Define deontological theoretical approach in ethics.

Question 38

Define population research purported by Gostin.

Question 39

Briefly discuss the guidelines of the Office of Research Integrity.

Question 40

In population research, three ethical principles seem particularly relevant. What are these?

Question 41

When one considers ethical issues in research, it is helpful to conceptualize the guidelines available in the form of an inverted triangle. Please draw a diagram of what should be included in this triangle.

Question 42

Redman and Merz (2008) reviewed the public records for outcomes and consequences for investigators that were found to have engaged in scientific misconduct. Discuss what they found during their review.

Question 43

Discuss the questions that consumers of counseling and education research might ask to determine the ethical quality of research published in professional journals.

Question 44

Discuss The Tuskegee Syphilis Study.

Question 45

Discuss qualitative research through a phenomenological approach. How did The Milgram Study inappropriate use deception in research?