Deck 4: Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Question 1

Roshanda is a good-natured four-year-old who typically enjoys her 7:30 PM bedtime ritual. After the first day of preschool, Roshanda cries and refuses to stay in bed following her mother's goodnight kiss and demands to sleep in her parents' bed. After three unsuccessful attempts to entice Roshanda to sleep in her own bed, her mother gives in. This pattern is repeated every night. Which statement most appropriately applies to this scenario?

A) Roshanda's avoidance of bedtime is maintained through negative reinforcement.
B) Roshanda's behaviour is resistant to extinction.
C) The mother could overcome Roshanda's resistance to obedience through vicarious conditioning.
D) The pattern of behaviour is not indicative of a typical fear response for a child.

Answer 1

Roshanda's avoidance of bedtime is maintained through negative reinforcement.

Question 2

Which of the following are components of the autonomic nervous system?

A) Peripheral nervous system and brain
B) Somatic sensory system and parasympathetic nervous system
C) Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
D) Brain and spinal cord

Answer 2

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Question 3

Your professor announces a quiz on this chapter. As you hear the news, your mind begins to conjure up images of failure and the impact of your poor performance on your chosen career as a psychologist. These thoughts persist despite your overall record of academic success. In the context of an anxiety-related response, what would you label your reaction to the announcement?

A) Panic
B) Worry
C) Concern
D) Obsession

Answer 3

Worry

Question 4

The most common behavioural expression of anxiety is

A) panic attacks.
B) escape or avoidance.
C) worry.
D) subjective distress.

Question 5

A child's developmental hierarchy of fear depends on the child's chronological age and

A) level of cognitive development.
B) level of social development.
C) mental age.
D) ability to form attachments.

Question 6

As a patient describes his symptoms to a clinician, she begins to suspect that he is suffering from an anxiety disorder. When he mentions fearing class presentations and dropping classes to avoid them, she knows that he

A) is likely to need medication to help him relax.
B) has just cited two classic behavioural symptoms of anxiety.
C) probably suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) comes from a highly anxious family.

Question 7

Select the statement below about worry that is True.

A) The cognitive symptom of worry is typically not present in young children because of their skill deficit in metacognition.
B) Young children worry more than adults because of their heightened ability for metacognition.
C) Both children and adults report approximately the same level of worries.
D) Only children who are cognitively mature worry as much as adults do.

Question 8

Gwen is preparing for her Psychology of Learning midterm exam. Although she has read all of the material and been active in class discussions, she has recurring thoughts of failing the exam. Her thoughts persist even though she is an honors student and has never failed a test. Gwen is experiencing

A) a panic attack.
B) anxiety.
C) delusions.
D) suicidal ideation.

Question 9

According to your text, anxiety is a response oriented toward the

A) past.
B) future.
C) self.
D) present.

Question 10

In behavioural terms, the goal of psychotherapy in treating an anxiety disorder is to

A) reverse the pattern of the client's dependency on avoidance behaviours.
B) reverse the pattern of negative reinforcement.
C) identify the cause rooted in early childhood.
D) identify the pattern of punishments maintaining the behaviour.

Question 11

Until recently, Jerry had always enjoyed being on his high school debate team, which had won several awards. But yesterday, as Jerry prepared for next week's event, he began to experience a heightened sense of nervousness. He noticed tightness in his chest and he felt dizzy. He had difficulty controlling his rapid breathing and began to feel an intense need to go outside for air. It is most likely that Jerry was experiencing symptoms of

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) a panic attack.
C) agoraphobia.
D) post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 12

A factor to be considered in discriminating normal anxiety from abnormal anxiety is

A) the type of object feared.
B) the genetic component.
C) the patient's response to medication.
D) functional impairment.

Question 13

Approximately what percent of people diagnosed with an anxiety disorder are comorbid for another anxiety disorder or for depression?

A) 10%
B) 32%
C) 57%
D) 94%

Question 14

In children, ______ may be the first sign of fear.

A) unusual behaviours
B) refusal to eat
C) early morning awakenings
D) a bedtime ritual

Question 15

Females are ____ times more likely than males to report symptoms of an anxiety disorder.

A) two
B) four
C) three
D) five

Question 16

Kadence is 8. At this age, children sometimes fear:

A) world events.
B) being alone.
C) noises.
D) school.

Question 17

Select the statement below that best illustrates the concept of functional impairment.

A) A man is unable to attend his son's wedding in another state because of a fear of flying.
B) A pastor is able to give the sermon even though she experiences anxiety about her performance.
C) After experiencing an anxiety attack before going on vacation, a teenager reports enjoying himself on the trip.
D) Despite misgivings and nervousness, a student successfully completes an in-class presentation.

Question 18

Cognitive symptoms that accompany anxiety are also referred to as

A) compulsions.
B) subjective distress.
C) delusions.
D) flight reactions.

Question 19

An intense fear reaction resembling sheer terror is called

A) a nervous breakdown.
B) an acute stressor.
C) a phobia.
D) a panic attack.

Question 20

Which of the following is True regarding anxiety?

A) It is a common emotion in new situations.
B) It is always proportional to the situation.
C) It is particularly common among children.
D) It is always learned.

Question 21

Mrs. Worden has an unusual fear of buttons. Every time she spots a loose button on the floor of her laundry room, she becomes extremely anxious and feels sick. In order to minimize her discomfort, Mrs. Worden only wears clothes that are button-free. If she sought help for her problem, what would Mrs. Worden's diagnosis probably be?

A) Avoidance disorder
B) Specific phobia
C) Environmental phobia
D) Circumscribed anxiety disorder

Question 22

Sonia had an unusual experience this morning. As she walked into her class, she suddenly felt sheer terror. Her heart raced and she had difficulty breathing. During the attack, her thoughts swirled and she thought she might be losing control over herself. Sonia's experience is best described as a

A) gender-specific stress incident.
B) school-related phobia.
C) stress-related episode.
D) panic attack.

Question 23

The story of Ricky Williams, Heisman Trophy-winning running back, featured in your text, highlights the

A) connection between social anxiety disorder and substance abuse.
B) effect of agoraphobia on one's career.
C) the degree to which early childhood trauma is linked to anxiety.
D) impact of social anxiety disorder on functioning.

Question 24

The average age of onset for an anxiety disorder is

A) 5 years
B) 11 years
C) 21 years
D) 30 years

Question 25

Someone who has panic symptoms and cannot identify an environmental trigger for the event is most likely experiencing which specific type of attack?

A) Expected attack
B) Uncued attack
C) Unexpected attack
D) False attack

Question 26

Some people suffer from a feeling that a thousand eyes are watching every move they make. In addition, they may be preoccupied with the impression that they make on others, usually assuming it to be negative. As a result, these people may avoid situations in which they will have to interact with large numbers of people. How would you categorize this behaviour?

A) Panic attack
B) Social anxiety disorder
C) Agoraphobia
D) Generalized anxiety disorder

Question 27

Which figure most closely approximates the proportion of people with panic disorder who seek treatment?

A) 50%
B) 65%.
C) 75%
D) 95%

Question 28

Psychologists working with panic-disordered clients would be most likely to see which type of disorder in their practice?

A) Agoraphobia without history of panic
B) Panic disorder with agoraphobia
C) Panic disorder without agoraphobia
D) Agoraphobia in young children

Question 29

In Asian cultures, those manifesting taijin kyofusho are afraid of

A) being in closed spaces.
B) encountering animals.
C) offending others.
D) entering open spaces.

Question 30

Agoraphobia literally means fear of

A) the marketplace.
B) the crowd.
C) being attacked.
D) expressing anger.

Question 31

A key difference between the two types of panic disorders discussed in your text is the

A) presence of agoraphobic features.
B) length of time a person reports having the disorder.
C) need for medication to bring symptoms under control.
D) degree to which the person is aware that fear causes functional impairment.

Question 32

As compared to other people with social anxiety disorder, people with "performance-only" panic disorder are less likely to have experienced _____ during childhood.

A) panic attacks.
B) abuse.
C) neglect
D) shyness.

Question 33

Approximately what percent of adults suffer from an anxiety disorder at some time in their lives?

A) 8.6%
B) 15.7%
C) 31%
D) 57%

Question 34

"I have to worry about the future. It's always been a good strategy. If I worry, I'm able to avoid problems and negative consequences. It's kind of like trouble-shooting." A statement of this sort would most likely come from someone who has

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) a social anxiety disorder.
C) post-traumatic stress disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 35

Casandra is an honors student and one of the best varsity volleyball players. Despite her successes, she has begun to worry about her grades and standing in college, and her future. She has noticed that her mind goes blank in class and she has difficulty falling asleep at night. Most likely, Cassandra has

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) panic disorder.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) agoraphobia.

Question 36

More than 50% of people diagnosed with social anxiety disorder have

A) comorbid personality disorders.
B) another anxiety disorder.
C) long histories of panic attacks.
D) poor interpersonal skills.

Question 37

An expected panic attack would be characterized by which of the following statements?

A) "I never know when the terror will strike."
B) "The thought of talking in class worried me a bit."
C) "I saw the dog and freaked out."
D) "I felt as if I was outside of my body."

Question 38

Roughly, how many adults have social anxiety disorder?

A) about 5%
B) just under 10%
C) nearly 15%
D) about 25%

Question 39

People with panic disorder often feel sad and depressed, partly because their anxiety limits daily and work activities as well as enjoyment of life. Therefore, it is not surprising that approximately ______% rely on financial assistance to sustain their existence.

A) 10
B) 50
C) 25
D) 70

Question 40

People who suffer from generalized anxiety disorder are characterized by excessive worry about

A) specific feared objects.
B) cleanliness.
C) safety issues.
D) many different things.

Question 41

A soldier returning from deployment overseas reports heightened anxiety, a sense of not being able to feel emotions, and re-experiencing a "video" in his mind of a horrific roadside bombing whenever he hears the local fire company siren go off. Although he has tried to remind himself that it is the same siren he has heard for years, the fear he experiences upon hearing it is overwhelming. Given this scenario, which of the following might be his diagnosis?

A) Depersonalization disorder
B) Panic disorder with agoraphobia
C) Post-traumatic stress disorder
D) Generalized anxiety disorder

Question 42

While trichotillamania and obsessive-compulsive disorders have many features in common, they also have significant differences. One of these includes the fact that

A) trichotillamania is short-lived while obsessive-compulsive disorder is long-term.
B) rituals produce pleasure but hair pulling does not.
C) compulsions are a response to anxiety but hair pulling occurs in reaction to a wide range of negative emotions.
D) the disorders demonstrate involvement of totally different brain regions.

Question 43

An expanded definition of the traumatic event that triggers PTSD has been proposed. The use of expanded criteria to define trauma has led epidemiologists to estimate that ____ of adults could meet the standard for experiencing a traumatic event.

A) almost 90 percent
B) over 90 percent
C) below 12 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 44

Which of the following is True about body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

A) People with BDD never have delusional beliefs.
B) Men with BDD are more likely to be preoccupied with their hips and their weight and to pick at their skin and camouflage it with make-up.
C) Women with BDD are more likely to be preoccupied with their hips and their weight and to pick at their skin and camouflage it with make-up.
D) Women with BDD are more likely to worry about thinning hair, be preoccupied with their genitals, and have muscle dysmorphia.

Question 45

Audra has a lot of trouble looking at herself in the mirror to put on her make-up. She thinks her nose is too big and that it makes her look like a witch. Which of the following would be a likely diagnosis?

A) body dysmorphic disorder
B) trichotillomania
C) excoriation
D) delusional disorder

Question 46

One feature of obsessions that creates anxiety for an individual is their

A) extreme specificity.
B) intrusive nature.
C) startle value.
D) rapid onset.

Question 47

Ester used to pick at mosquito bites when she was younger and found that it made her feel better. When her parents divorced, she began picking at her arm, causing it to break open and bleed. She would then pick at the scabs, preventing them from healing properly. Now she finds that she engages in this behaviour automatically when she is nervous about something. What would be her likely diagnosis?

A) body dysmorphic disorder
B) trichotillomania
C) excoriation
D) delusional disorder

Question 48

More than half of the people with obsessive-compulsive disorder also have comorbid disorders such as social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, GAD, panic disorder and

A) depression.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) agoraphobia.
D) sexual dysfunctions.

Question 49

Rates of PTSD for children exposed to a traumatic event have a range from ____ to ____ of victims.

A) 50%; 100%
B) 5.2%; 100%
C) 10%; 12%
D) 2%; 10%

Question 50

Hyperarousal, intrusion, and an exaggerated startle response are symptoms of

A) OCD.
B) excoriation.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) PTSD.

Question 51

The case in your text of Raymond, who has always been frightened by enclosed spaces, illustrates

A) a specific phobia.
B) the importance of confronting one's fears.
C) the extent to which social support mediates fear.
D) a classic case of agoraphobia.

Question 52

Kendra often has her hair in her hands and pulls at it. When she is nervous, she tends to pull some of it out, which helps her feel better. Most of the time she does not even realize she is doing this. Which diagnosis would Kendra likely receive?

A) body dysmorphic disorder
B) trichotillomania
C) excoriation
D) delusional disorder

Question 53

Post-traumatic stress disorder is initiated when an individual experiences a traumatic event or

A) hears another person discuss a traumatic event and relives the experience.
B) is threatened with violence by another.
C) recalls a traumatic event as a flashback.
D) is witness to serious injury or the violent death of another.

Question 54

According to your text, common obsessions include thoughts about dirt and germs, aggression, failure to engage locks, and

A) inappropriate sexual relations.
B) failure at work or school.
C) fear of unwanted pregnancy.
D) fear of embarrassment.

Question 55

By completing rituals, individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder believe they can neutralize the threat of something bad. This behaviour is maintained through which of the following behavioural mechanisms?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Extinction
C) Stimulus discrimination
D) Negative reinforcement

Question 56

According to a Vancouver study of 100 female sex-trade workers______% suffered from PTSD.

A) 72%
B) 50%
C) 5%
D) 38%

Question 57

Every evening, Richard must knock on his front door three times before going to bed. He discovered that this was an effective way to ward off robbers. His knocking on the door is an example of

A) a compulsion.
B) an obsession.
C) an intrusive thought.
D) a cognitive impairment.

Question 58

Little Jake is strongly bonded to his mother. In fact, he has a difficult time letting her out of his sight. When his mother must leave him in daycare to go to work, the daycare provider calls because Jake is inconsolable. Since being placed in daycare, Jake has also refused to sleep alone. What disorder do Jake's symptoms suggest?

A) Generalized anxiety disorder
B) Post-traumatic stress disorder
C) Separation anxiety disorder
D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 59

Blood-injury-illness phobias are different from other phobias in a unique way involving vasovagal syncope. This condition involves

A) elevated blood pressure.
B) overuse of emergency room facilities.
C) parasympathetic system activation.
D) sympathetic system response.

Question 60

Specific phobias of ______ are more common in women than in men.

A) animals
B) heights
C) blood-injury-illness
D) needles

Question 61

Family and genetic studies tell us that compared with relatives of people without an anxiety disorder, relatives of someone diagnosed with an anxiety disorder are

A) more likely to also have the disorder.
B) less likely to have the disorder.
C) not at higher risk for the disorder.
D) less susceptible to the disorder.

Question 62

Anxiety is a common emotion.

Question 63

Thirty years of research on psychological interventions for anxiety disorders have shown behavioural therapy and ______ interventions to be the most efficacious treatments.

A) cognitive-behavioural therapeutic
B) psychoanalytic
C) client-centered
D) reality based

Question 64

The "fight-or-flight" response is adaptive from an evolutionary perspective.

Question 65

Psychologists using psychological challenge studies examine brain functioning through PET scans of people affected by a disorder and of those not affected by it. For obsessive-compulsive disorder studies, this technique would

A) question participants in order to activate certain portions of the brain.
B) measure differences in response times for object recognition.
C) present subjects with contaminated objects and note differences in brain activity.
D) engage participants in storytelling in order to identify under activated brain areas.

Question 66

In reviewing the findings of inherited components of anxiety disorders, what appears to be inherited?

A) A general vulnerability
B) Specific genes for various anxiety disorders
C) Gene combinations that put a person at risk
D) An underactive autonomic nervous system

Question 67

The fact that women report more fears than males reflects the fact that they have more fears.

Question 68

Across all anxiety disorders, improvement rates for cognitive-behavioural therapy average about

A) 53%.
B) 70%.
C) 98%.
D) 20%.

Question 69

Negative reinforcement increases avoidance behaviour and anxiety by punishing the person's behaviour.

Question 70

It is possible for a person to be anxious without the presence of a real physical threat.

Question 71

The Food and Drug Administration recently issued a warning on the use of SSRIs with regard to children, adolescents, and young adults with depression. This message warned of an increased risk for

A) suicidal ideation.
B) attention-deficit disorder.
C) eating disorders.
D) sleep disorders.

Question 72

As a pharmacological approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) correct serotonin imbalances by

A) depleting it at the synapse.
B) increasing the amount of time serotonin remains in the synapse.
C) decreasing the length of time serotonin lies dormant in the synaptic region.
D) increasing the volume available for reuptake.

Question 73

Research indicates that serotonin is important in anxiety disorders. Partial evidence for this is found in biochemical challenge studies in which

A) participants' serotonin levels are manipulated and their anxiety levels monitored.
B) serotonin levels are monitored to examine how decreased levels are related to decreased anxiety.
C) patients with anxiety disorders are studied by examining their lack of ability to produce serotonin in response to a threat.
D) participants with anxiety disorders are presented with feared objects and their serotonin levels monitored.

Question 74

Reynaldo has an irrational fear of cats and has all the symptoms of a phobia. Knowing that some behavioural techniques are effective with fears of certain types, his therapist decides to bring a cat into the office. Which behavioural technique is the therapist using?

A) Imaginal exposure
B) In vivo exposure
C) Virtual exposure
D) Sudden exposure

Question 75

Freud believed that free-floating anxiety resulted from conflicts between the

A) id and ego.
B) ego and superego.
C) id and libido.
D) superego and libido

Question 76

Anxiety is sometimes characterized by lower levels of arousal than the "fight-or-flight" response.

Question 77

Cognitive theories of fear acquisition focus on _________ as explanations for the condition.

A) interpretations of internal or external events
B) environmental conditions
C) how a person vicariously learns anxiety
D) repression and denial

Question 78

Biofeedback training often combines monitoring of physiological responses with

A) in vivo exposure.
B) medication.
C) self-reports of anxiety levels.
D) relaxation training.

Question 79

Patients who take benzodiazepines for anxiety disorders for extended periods of time may risk

A) excessive weight gain.
B) severe disruptions in sleep.
C) physical and psychological dependency.
D) depressive episodes.

Question 80

The anxiety-sensitivity model of fear acquisition holds that some people

A) are more motivated by anxiety than others.
B) believe that anxiety will result in negative consequences.
C) are highly sensitive to the anxiety cues manifested by others.
D) lack the ability to regulate their emotions.