Deck 8: Gender Dysphoria, Sexual Dysfunctions, and Paraphilic Disorders

Question 1

Homosexual or same-sex orientation

A) has heritability estimates of approximately 95%.
B) appears to be at least in part genetically determined.
C) has heritability estimates of less than 1%.
D) does not appear to have a genetic basis.

Answer 1

appears to be at least in part genetically determined.

Question 2

According to the Research Hot Topic box, The Internet and Cybersex, what is known about people at risk for overuse of cybersex?

A) They tend to be unemployed males between the ages of 18 and 30.
B) No empirical data are available addressing this issue.
C) Persons who have obsessive-compulsive disorder are at higher risk.
D) Females who are single and live alone are at slightly higher risk.

Answer 2

No empirical data are available addressing this issue.

Question 3

In a study of males ages 18 to 30 and females 18 to 22, it was found that the least reported sexual activity was

A) oral sexual stimulation by a partner.
B) oral sexual stimulation of a partner.
C) vaginal intercourse.
D) anal intercourse.

Answer 3

anal intercourse.

Question 4

In one of the first surveys to ask young men about same-sex activities (Billy et al., 1993), _______ percent reported that they had engaged in such activities.

A) 2.3
B) 22.4
C) 4.6
D) 10.7

Question 5

Masters and Johnson's empirical work in human sexuality differed from that of earlier researchers because they also

A) interviewed adults instead of just conducting survey-based research.
B) observed and recorded subjects' physical responses during sexual activity.
C) interviewed couples together instead of just conducting individual interviews.
D) conducted longitudinal research on the psychosexual development of couples.

Question 6

Gender identity as a concept

A) has not been widely studied in the Canada.
B) is aligned with a person's biological sex.
C) has not been shown to be a reliable predictor of relationship satisfaction.
D) is one's personal understanding of oneself as male or female.

Question 7

There are sex differences in the strength of same-sex attraction, such that

A) women are more likely to describe themselves as attracted to both sexes.
B) women are more exclusively same-sex attracted.
C) men's sex drive is more likely to be influenced by social and cultural factors.
D) many more women than men prefer short-term romantic relations with the same-sex.

Question 8

According to surveys of sex practices, differences exist in sexual functioning. Women have a greater

A) preference for variety in sex practices.
B) capacity for sex.
C) need for a resolution phase.
D) number of fantasies.

Question 9

From the list below, identify the person(s) responsible for one of the first formal attempts to study human sexuality using interviews of thousands of Americans.

A) B. F. Skinner
B) William Masters and Virginia Johnson
C) Helen Singer Kaplan
D) Alfred Kinsey

Question 10

One of the largest surveys assessed 27,900 people aged 40 to 80 in 29 countries. This study found that in this large group, ___% of women believed that "satisfactory sex is essential to maintain a relationship.

A) 25%.
B) 99%.
C) 76%.
D) 51%.

Question 11

In men, the effects of age on sexual functioning may be seen in

A) an increased focus on sexual activity with one person only.
B) an increased need for intimacy.
C) a change in genital response.
D) a decline in sexual interest.

Question 12

Atypical levels or timing of androgens present during fetal development

A) may alter genital anatomy but do not influence sexual orientation.
B) may affect a person's sexual orientation.
C) always create differences in secondary sex characteristics.
D) have no influence on genital anatomy or sexual orientation.

Question 13

According to the androgen theory, the likelihood of a male being gay is increased as the number of his older brothers increases because

A) as the number of male offspring increases, the fetus's immune system creates antibodies that increase the influence of estrogen.
B) as the number of male offspring increases, the mother's body responds to male androgens with antibodies that cross the placental barrier.
C) the mother's immune system is compromised and unable to develop antibodies to curb the influence of androgens.
D) the fetus is unable to produce enough androgen to affect fetal masculinization.

Question 14

Select the answer that is True regarding the sexual response cycle.

A) The desire phase begins in response to some external cue.
B) The arousal phase involves purely physical signs of arousal.
C) In the orgasm phase, only females experience a subjective sense of pleasure based in the brain.
D) The resolution phase is more common in men than in women.

Question 15

Of the following statements, which accurately depicts our current state of knowledge about the development of sexual orientation?

A) In cultures that frown on same-sex behaviour, homosexual orientation is rare.
B) Five percent of men and women develop same-sex orientation worldwide.
C) It appears that sexual orientation is biologically based.
D) There is greater erotic plasticity among men than among women.

Question 16

The first phase of Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle is

A) plateau.
B) resolution.
C) orgasm.
D) desire.

Question 17

Which of the following sex differences might reflect greater erotic plasticity in women?

A) Women are more likely than men to be attracted to the same sex.
B) Most women prefer monogamy in long-term relationships.
C) Women are more likely than men to describe themselves as attracted to both sexes.
D) In short-term relationships, women are less selective in choosing mates.

Question 18

A consistent finding across all sex surveys is that

A) women think about sex more frequently.
B) men have a higher capacity for sex in terms of duration of activity.
C) men engage in more frequent sexual activity than women.
D) women have fewer orgasms than men.

Question 19

Select the statement below that most accurately reflects a finding in a study of men and women ages 40 to 80.

A) Overall, men and women between the ages of 40 and 49 are no longer sexually active.
B) Satisfactory sexual functioning is important to most adults over 40.
C) Women in the study did not regard satisfactory sex as important to maintaining a relationship.
D) Sexual interest on the part of men declines sharply after middle age.

Question 20

Until about 25 years ago, a homosexual orientation

A) was never viewed as abnormal.
B) was considered to be a mental disorder.
C) was viewed as an orientation chosen by an individual.
D) was thought to be fairly prevalent in the general population.

Question 21

Although western cultures recognize only two gender categories, some other countries have more classifications. For example, in India, "hijra"

A) are females with very masculine qualities.
B) are males who have undergone sex reassignment surgery.
C) are considered to be asexual persons.
D) are not viewed as male or female but possess elements of both.

Question 22

Sex reassignment surgery

A) involves only medical procedures.
B) includes both medical and behavioural procedures.
C) has not been demonstrated to be an effective intervention for gender dysphoria.
D) is often chosen by transvestites.

Question 23

Different studies investigating patient satisfaction with sex reassignment surgery have shown that at least _______ percent responded positively to the intervention.

A) 30
B) 54
C) 72
D) 95

Question 24

Chuck has been experiencing high levels of stress because of financial losses in his company. He and his wife, Melissa, have had a satisfying sexual relationship until recently. Now Chuck typically experiences an ejaculation within a minute of initiating sex. Chuck is most likely to be suffering from

A) homosexual disorder.
B) gender identity disorder.
C) primary premature ejaculation.
D) secondary premature ejaculation.

Question 25

Frank asked his boss for a meeting yesterday, during which he explained that he would be returning to work next week dressed in women's clothes, and at that point, would like to be called Frances. He explained that this was an important part of a process for the treatment of his

A) homosexual disorder.
B) gender fetish disorder.
C) gender dysphoria.
D) hermaphroditic disorder.

Question 26

Approximately _______ percent of gay men report anodyspareunia during receptive anal sex.

A) 14
B) 30
C) 50
D) 70

Question 27

An absence or impairment of some aspect of sexual response is called

A) organismic disorder.
B) gender dysphoria.
C) male hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
D) sexual dysfunction.

Question 28

Gender dysphoria is characterized by a strong and persistent cross-gender identification and

A) a desire for the cultural advantages of the opposite sex.
B) sexual arousal in wearing clothes of the opposite sex.
C) persistent discomfort with one's own biological sex.
D) a fetish involving wardrobe of the opposite sex.

Question 29

The case of David, whose parents decided to raise him as a girl after a circumcision injury, is presented in your text. Despite hormone replacement therapy and his parents' efforts to raise him as a girl, David never felt like a girl. This case shows that

A) environmental efforts alone cannot overcome biology.
B) sex reassignment surgery is not an appropriate intervention for gender dysphoria.
C) environmental factors influence a person's decision to accept a new sexual identity.
D) the biosociological theory of gender dysphoria is incorrect.

Question 30

Unlike other disorders of sexual functioning, ___________ might be considered by some men to be an advantage to their partner in that it allows them to continue to function sexually for an extended period of time.

A) hypoactive sexual desire
B) delayed ejaculation
C) male erectile disorder
D) dyspareunia

Question 31

Select the statement below about premature ejaculation that is False.

A) There are many definitions of the phenomenon.
B) It is a common male sexual dysfunction.
C) It may be viewed as a dysfunction of the couple.
D) It is termed "secondary" when related to substance abuse.

Question 32

Sheldon has been married for two years and his wife is on the verge of leaving him. Within the last 6 months, he has not been sexually intimate with her. He admits that he rarely thinks about sex, has sexual fantasies, or masturbates. Before this recent decline in sexual interest, Sheldon reports that his marriage was "strong, loving and highly sexual." Which of the following disorders fits Sheldon's clinical picture?

A) Male erectile disorder
B) Sexual aversion disorder
C) Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
D) Sexual dysfunction disorder

Question 33

Which of the following is indicative of transgender behaviour in adolescents?

A) Males writing prose and poetry
B) Males demonstrating a preference for stereotypically female occupations
C) High school females demonstrating a preference for "shop classes" over sewing classes
D) Females refusing to wear dresses or other feminine attire

Question 34

Psychological approaches to the treatment of gender dysphoria in children have typically focused on reinforcing same-sex activities and friendships, spending time with the same-sex parent, and

A) immersing the child in cultural stereotypes of male and female.
B) having play dates with same-sex peers.
C) using cartoons to teach appropriate gender roles.
D) providing play therapy to assess role identification.

Question 35

In the first stage of the sex reassignment process, the individual lives in the new gender role for at least

A) 6 months.
B) 1 year.
C) 18 months.
D) 2 years.

Question 36

Sex reassignment surgery eliminates gender dysphoria, improves both body satisfaction and interpersonal relationships, and

A) is a comparatively simple procedure.
B) reduces anxiety and depression.
C) improves sexual performance.
D) requires only minor alteration of the original reproductive organs.

Question 37

_____% of men and _____% of women ages 19 to 59 express dissatisfaction with their level of sexual desire.

A) 5; 15
B) 5; 30
C) 15; 30
D) 15; 50.

Question 38

Monique is seven years old and prefers wearing her older brother's clothes to the frilly dresses her mother wants her to wear. She has gone so far as to repeatedly insist that she is a boy and she chooses only male playmates at school. Most likely, Monique is showing the childhood correlates of

A) gender dysphoria.
B) transvestic fetishism.
C) transgender behaviour disorder.
D) transsexual gender disorder.

Question 39

A hormonal condition in which too much of the hormone androgen is produced during the prenatal period and the first few years of life is known as congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This condition causes

A) transvestism in boys as early as 4-6 years of age.
B) extremely feminine behaviour in young boys.
C) hyperfeminine behaviour in young girls.
D) early and exaggerated male sex characteristics in both sexes.

Question 40

Those who have gender dysphoria may be at comorbid risk for anxiety, depression, and

A) schizophrenia.
B) personality disorders.
C) substance abuse.
D) suicide attempts.

Question 41

Katelyn has been diagnosed as having a sexual dysfunction. Her psychologist has suggested an intervention that involves sexually erotic cues and graduated stimulation to the genital area. What is the name of this technique?

A) Sensate focus
B) Pleasure touching
C) Directed masturbation
D) Nondemand pleasuring

Question 42

Raphael can only become sexually aroused when he is wearing his wife's slip. Although she had caught him earlier wearing her slip, he had promised to stop the behaviour. Recently, his wife was cleaning house and found several of her slips beneath a cushion on the sofa. What paraphilic condition is Raphael most likely to have?

A) Exhibitionistic disorder
B) Transvestic disorder
C) Frotteuristic disorder
D) Voyeuristic disorder

Question 43

Vaginismus occurs

A) primarily in teenage females.
B) in response to either psychological or physical factors.
C) in women who report high degrees of marital dissatisfaction.
D) primarily during gynecological examinations.

Question 44

Problems with erectile dysfunction in men and difficulty with vaginal lubrication in women appear to become more prevalent with increasing age

A) when females are questioned in an anonymous survey, reported rates of sexual dysfunction increase.
B) reported rates of sexual dysfunction are always affected by a hesitation to discuss sex, even under anonymous conditions.
C) health differences between ethnic groups may be the result of social and environmental factors.
D) independent of health status, white males report higher rates of sexual dysfunction than male Hispanics.

Question 45

As noted in the text, psychological factors such as ___________________ may be associated with sexual dysfunction in both men and women.

A) negative mood states
B) communication skills
C) birth order
D) assertiveness

Question 46

Which of the following statements best reflects what has been learned about sexual dysfunction from population surveys?

A) For both sexes, sexual dysfunctions decrease with age.
B) Sexual dysfunctions are rare among young people but begin to appear in middle age.
C) Only a minority of the population ever experiences a sexual dysfunction.
D) Despite being fairly common, sexual dysfunctions usually do not lead people to seek help for their problems.

Question 47

The treatment of sexual dysfunctions using psychological interventions has been shown to be effective. Among these techniques is

A) sensate focus.
B) invivo arousal technique.
C) demand pleasuring.
D) time-centered relaxation.

Question 48

Alcohol and drugs may have a temporary disruptive effect on sexual functioning involving _________ in men and _________ in women.

A) premature ejaculation; vaginismus
B) retarded ejaculation; vaginismus
C) premature ejaculation; orgasmic disorder
D) retarded ejaculation; anodyspareunia

Question 49

The most common pedophilic acts are

A) intercourse and rape.
B) voyeurism and frotteurism.
C) incest and use of pornography.
D) fondling and genital exposure.

Question 50

Which of the following sexual dysfunctions is most common among adolescent and young adult men?

A) Premature ejaculation
B) Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
C) Sexual aversion disorder
D) Male erectile disorder

Question 51

During routine gynecological visits, approximately _____ percent of women report pain from sexual activity.

A) 10
B) 26
C) 43
D) 72

Question 52

Selective serotonin uptake inhibitors

A) increase sexual response.
B) hasten organism.
C) reduce sexual desire.
D) retard ejaculation.

Question 53

The success of PDE5 inhibitors for male erectile dysfunction has

A) led to questions about the underlying psychopathology of the disorder.
B) encouraged their use in clinical trials for female sexual arousal disorder.
C) demonstrated that the prevalence of the disorder was overestimated.
D) come despite the drugs' poor performance versus placebo in many studies.

Question 54

Choose the statement below about pedophilia that is False.

A) Someone with pedophilic disorder will always act on fantasies.
B) Not all pedophiles are child molesters.
C) Girls are more often victims.
D) Its prevalence in the general population is not known.

Question 55

The sexual dysfunction most often responsive to pharmacologic treatment is

A) hormonal insufficiency.
B) erectile dysfunction.
C) female sexual arousal disorder.
D) vaginismus.

Question 56

Which of the following is True of paraphilic disorders?

A) All paraphilic disorders involve some form of criminal activity.
B) Some sexual offenders commit crimes because of paraphilic disorders.
C) To be labeled a paraphilia, a behaviour must result in distress or functional impairment.
D) Paraphilic disorders center on objects and activities only.

Question 57

Physical treatments for erectile dysfunction

A) are commonly used for psychological disturbances of sexual functioning.
B) have not been shown to be effective overall.
C) are efficacious but cumbersome.
D) decrease sexual desire in female partners.

Question 58

Many women cannot have sexual intercourse due to pain in the outer part of their vagina. Such women may not allow gynecologists to perform a pelvic exam because a speculum cannot be inserted without causing extreme pain from muscle spasms. Which of the following disorders do these women most likely have?

A) Dyspareunia
B) Dyspepsia
C) Vaginismus
D) Anorgasmia

Question 59

Transvestic disorder is the desire to dress in clothes of the opposite sex for sexual gratification. This disorder is

A) diagnosed in men only.
B) found in both men and women.
C) common in homosexuals.
D) diagnosed in transsexuals.

Question 60

When asked why they did not consult a professional about their sexual dysfunction, ___% said that they did not consider the behaviour to be a problem.

A) 27%
B) 72%
C) 66%.
D) 33%.

Question 61

Transsexualism is a type of gender dysphoria.

Question 62

Exhibitionistic disorder may not be diagnosed in cultures

A) where clothing is not traditionally worn.
B) that do not use the DSM-IV-TR.
C) who have open attitudes toward sex.
D) where group sex is considered normal.

Question 63

The most common age of onset for all paraphilic disorders is

A) adolescence to young adulthood.
B) adulthood to middle age.
C) middle age to later life.
D) childhood.

Question 64

The work of Alfred Kinsey on human sexuality was controversial and criticized as being seriously flawed on the basis that survey respondents were not representative of the general population of the U.S.

Question 65

Given the low incidence of gender dysphoria, there are no controlled trials for treatment.

Question 66

Gender dysphoria in children always results in significant functional impairment.

Question 67

There is no universal standard of "normal sexuality" or sexual behaviour.

Question 68

Which of the following is considered to be a "high victim" sexual behaviour?

A) Transvestic disorder
B) Pedophilic disorder
C) Exhibitionistic disorder
D) Frotteuristic disorder

Question 69

The resolution phase of the sexual response cycle is more common in women than in men.

Question 70

Gender identity typically emerges by the age of 3 or 4.

Question 71

Mark is a college student who engages in a secret behaviour. During university football games, rubbing his body against that of an unsuspecting female sexually arouses him. This contact causes him to become sexually aroused but he typically ends the incident by saying, "excuse me." What behaviour is Mark most likely to be engaging in?

A) Exhibitionistic disorder
B) Pedophilic disorder
C) Voyeuristic disorder
D) Frotteuristic disorder

Question 72

Which of the following is True regarding treatment of paraphilic disorders?

A) Persons with paraphilic disorders are often not motivated to change because the act causes a pleasurable state.
B) Those with paraphilic disorders tend to become overly dependent on therapy as a method for coping.
C) Electroconvulsive shock therapy has been very effective as a therapeutic intervention.
D) Family counselling coupled with individual psychotherapy is an evidence-based intervention program for adolescents suffering from paraphilic disorders.

Question 73

Although many people in this country suffer from sexual dysfunction, few actually seek treatment for it.

Question 74

Treatments for paraphilic disorders that eliminate or decrease inappropriate sexual arousal include

A) satiation, covert sensitization, and olfactory aversion.
B) rational emotive and cognitive-behavioural therapy.
C) social skills training and sex education.
D) couples' therapy and sensate focus.

Question 75

In nonsexual areas of functioning, people with paraphilic disorders are often

A) indistinguishable from other people.
B) obvious by their anxious manner.
C) maladjusted single persons.
D) divorced males with a history of other crimes against persons.

Question 76

The position that child abusers were abused as children themselves

A) is strongly supported by numerous epidemiological studies of sex offenders.
B) fails to consider that the vast majority of abused children do not become child abusers.
C) does not take into account the changing societal and cultural definitions of child abuse.
D) does not explain why child abuse is a self-perpetuating cyclical problem.

Question 77

Antiandrogen medications are used to treat some forms of paraphilia. They work by

A) lowering the recidivism rate through selective sedation.
B) decreasing the sexual drive by reducing testosterone levels.
C) eliminating recidivism through chemical castration.
D) increasing normal heterosexual behaviours by decreasing leuprolide actate.

Question 78

The penile ____________ measures physical changes in the penis when a man is shown sexually arousing or nonarousing stimuli.

A) tumescence tube
B) refractory guage
C) erectographic gauge
D) plethysmograph

Question 79

A life-threatening form of sexual masochism described in the case of Jack, presented in the text, involves

A) humiliation regarding physical stature.
B) cutting off oxygen flow during sexual activity.
C) beating with a metal chain.
D) being spanked.

Question 80

Sexual orientation develops as a result of family dynamics.