Deck 14: Health Psychology

Question 1

____________ proposed associations between certain personality patterns and specific medical illnesses.

A) Flanders Dunbar and René Descartes
B) Franz Alexander and René Descartes
C) Flanders Dunbar and Franz Alexander
D) René Descartes and Sigmund Freud

Answer 1

Flanders Dunbar and Franz Alexander

Question 2

Which coping strategy acts to reevaluate the personal meaning of a situation?

A) Emotion-focused coping
B) Problem-focused coping
C) Behaviour-focused coping
D) Solution-focused coping

Answer 2

Emotion-focused coping

Question 3

Stress can impact an individual's health DIRECTLY by

A) increasing the frequency of injuries.
B) changing or affecting the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems.
C) increasing alcohol consumption.
D) decreasing sleep.

Answer 3

changing or affecting the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems.

Question 4

In 1948, the World Health Organization defined health as

A) the absence of illness or disease.
B) a state of mental, social, and physical well-being.
C) an optimal state of physical fitness.
D) a lack of any mental or physical defect.

Question 5

Joann woke up late for work this morning because she slept through her alarm. On her way, she had to take a detour because of a traffic accident. After lunch, her boss told everyone that they would have to work late because the corporate managers were coming for an unplanned inspection early the next morning. As a result, Joann had to cancel long-standing dinner plans with an out-of-town friend. These events are examples of

A) acute stress.
B) chronic stress.
C) daily hassles.
D) major life events.

Question 6

Stress can _____. This is an example of a(n) _____ effect of stress on an individual's health.

A) cause more frequent injuries; direct
B) encourage the adoption of a "sick role; direct
C) increase unhealthy eating habits; indirect
D) compromising the immune system; indirect

Question 7

Regarding stress, which statement is False?

A) It can arise from both positive and negative events.
B) The body uses several response mechanisms to change or adjust to the stressor.
C) People react similarly when the stressor is particularly traumatic (e.g., 9/11, war, plane crash).
D) The way individuals perceive an event determines their level of stress.

Question 8

The interdisciplinary field that studies the relation between behavioural and biomedical science is known as

A) neuroscience.
B) medical psychology.
C) behavioural medicine.
D) holistic medicine.

Question 9

The appraisal process, which follows a stressful event, involves

A) working to improve coping skills rather than reacting to the event emotionally.
B) assessing potential harm or threat, followed by identifying available coping skills.
C) identifying available coping skills, followed by a threat or harm assessment.
D) determining which coping resources are needed to deal with a stressful event followed by the active deployment of these resources.

Question 10

According to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, which evaluates the relationship between life events and health, ____________ is rated as the MOST stressful life event.

A) death of a spouse
B) death of a close family member
C) divorce
D) marriage

Question 11

The belief that the mind and body function as separate systems is known as

A) mind-body dualism.
B) behavioural medicine.
C) biomedicine.
D) medical psychology.

Question 12

Keith is a senior in the criminal justice program at the state university. Each semester he enrolls in four to six classes. In addition to school, Keith works full-time, volunteers one day a week at the ACLU, and helps take care of his young nephew. He does not have a car, so he must rely on public transportation. Lately, he has begun to feel overwhelmed by all of his responsibilities. Given this information, these events would be examples of

A) acute stress.
B) chronic stress.
C) daily hassles.
D) major life events.

Question 13

The basic principles of health psychology are based on the ____________ model.

A) biological
B) behavioural
C) biomedical
D) biopsychosocial

Question 14

____________ was one of the first to suggest that the mind can cause physical ailments.

A) René Descartes
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Flanders Dunbar
D) Franz Alexander

Question 15

____________ uses psychological principles and methods to understand how attitudes and behaviours influence health and fitness.

A) Health psychology
B) Sports medicine
C) Behavioural medicine
D) Sports psychology

Question 16

Patrick works the night shift at the local hospital. One night when he was waiting for his bus, two men robbed him at gunpoint. This event is an example of

A) acute stress.
B) chronic stress.
C) daily hassles.
D) posttraumatic stress.

Question 17

A shared limitation of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, the Hassles Scale, and the Uplifts Scale is

A) poor "real-life" generalization.
B) the possibility of memory bias.
C) not factoring in individual differences.
D) an inability to differentiate between the impact of positive and negative life events.

Question 18

Which scale is used to assess day-to-day events that counteract the negative effects of stress?

A) Uplifts
B) Hassles
C) Social Readjustment Rating Scale
D) Likert

Question 19

The ____________ stress paradigm is a procedure in which short-term stress is created in the laboratory and its impact on physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses is measured.

A) daily hassle
B) behavioural
C) biomedical
D) acute

Question 20

The coping strategy that acts to reduce possible negative outcomes is called ____________ coping.

A) response-focused
B) emotion-focused
C) solution-focused
D) problem-focused

Question 21

An increased risk of coronary artery disease is linked to

A) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
B) the Type A behaviour pattern.
C) antisocial personality disorder.
D) lack of stress modulators.  

Question 22

Depression, alcoholism, and eating disorders are linked to

A) increased sympathetic-adrenomedullary system activity.
B) the Type A behaviour pattern.
C) increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity.
D) stress-induced abnormal cell activity.  

Question 23

Artificial immunities are acquired through

A) breast milk.
B) food.
C) vaccinations.
D) prior disease exposure.

Question 24

The role of the ____________ immune system is to provide universal protection against infections and diseases.

A) targeted
B) general
C) specific
D) nonspecific

Question 25

Variables that affect how stress is experienced and how it affects health and other aspects of functioning are called stress

A) moderators.
B) intermediaries.
C) regulators.
D) arbitrators.  

Question 26

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis involves a structure called the _____ in the brain, as well as a hormone called ______,

A) hippocampus; cortisol
B) hippocampus; melatonin
C) hypothalamus; cortisol
D) hypothalamus; melatonin

Question 27

Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of

A) how attitudes and behaviours influence health and illness.
B) the relations among social, psychological, and physical responses.
C) psychological factors that affect a person's physical health.
D) the impact of stress on mental and physical health.  

Question 28

The type of immune system that protects the body by way of natural or artificially produced immunities is called the ____________ immune system.

A) nonspecific
B) specific
C) targeted
D) general

Question 29

The sympathetic-adrenomedullary response involves the secretion of:

A) cortisol.
B) leptin and melatonin.
C) dopamine.
D) epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 30

When faced with a potentially dangerous situation, increased ____________ nervous system activity prepares the body for rapid response by accelerating heart and respiratory rates and increasing blood pressure and muscle tension.

A) autonomic
B) sympathetic
C) parasympathetic
D) peripheral

Question 31

Which Type A characteristics are most associated with an increased risk for coronary heart disease and heart attacks?

A) Impatience and time urgency
B) Aggressiveness and high achievement orientation
C) Sense of urgency and competitiveness
D) Anger and hostility  

Question 32

Which statement is False regarding inflammation?

A) It is a nonspecific immune system response.
B) The primary function is to increase blood flow to the infection site.
C) The number of white blood cells increases at the site of the infection.
D) The specific immune system triggers this process.  

Question 33

The originator of the General Adaptation Syndrome is

A) Hans Seyle.
B) Franz Alexander.
C) Erik Erikson.
D) Walter Cannon.

Question 34

The two types of white blood cells that secrete chemicals, antibodies, and toxins to kill invading microbes are called

A) T-cells and D-lymphocytes.
B) B-cells and B-lymphocytes.
C) P-cells and D-lymphocytes.
D) T-cells and B-lymphocytes.  

Question 35

A component of the nonspecific immune system that prevents microbes from getting into the body is called a(n) ______________barrier.

A) anatomical
B) protective
C) membrane
D) microbe

Question 36

The three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome are

A) activation, coping, and burnout.
B) assessment, mobilization, and vulnerability.
C) appraisal, mobilization, and depletion.
D) alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Question 37

The immune system process that leads to the production of more white blood cells is known as

A) pinocytosis.
B) apoptosis.
C) phagocytosis.
D) transcytosis.

Question 38

The fight-or-flight response was first described by

A) Hans Seyle.
B) Erik Erikson.
C) Walter Cannon.
D) Franz Alexander.

Question 39

One of the two major systems that are affected by the stress response is the ____________, which results in increased production and/or secretion of corticotrophin-releasing factor, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol.

A) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis
B) parasympathetic nervous system
C) sympathetic-adrenomedullary system
D) autonomic nervous system

Question 40

One of the two major systems that are affected by the stress response is the ____________, which results in secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

A) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis
B) parasympathetic nervous system
C) sympathetic-adrenomedullary system
D) autonomic nervous system

Question 41

Good sleep habits can be remembered by the acronym

A) REST.
B) NIGHT.
C) SLEEP.
D) INSOMNIA.  

Question 42

The psychological disorder that some research has associated with an increased risk for developing cancer is

A) anxiety.
B) PTSD.
C) depression.
D) substance abuse.

Question 43

In times of stress, women are more likely than men to

A) attempt to change the stressful situation and use the fight-or-flight response.
B) seek social support and use the fight-or-flight response.
C) use problem-focused coping skills and the tend and befriend response.
D) express their feelings about the situation and use the tend and befriend response.  

Question 44

In order to receive an insomnia diagnosis, the patient MUST experience

A) problems falling asleep.
B) problems staying asleep.
C) constant non-restorative sleep.
D) impaired daily functioning.  

Question 45

There is little reliable research on racial and ethnic differences in stress response because

A) researchers have thought these differences too trivial to measure.
B) factors such as socioeconomic status and sex have not been controlled.
C) ethics does not permit research that exposes people to stress.
D) biological differences between ethnic groups make comparisons invalid.

Question 46

Your textbook suggests that the percentage of people who smoke in a given area is probably _____ correlated with the percentage of people living in poverty in the area.

A) negatively
B) not
C) only weakly
D) positively

Question 47

The second leading cause of death in the Canada is

A) suicide.
B) cardiovascular disease.
C) HIV/AIDS.
D) cancer.

Question 48

For cancer patients, psychosocial treatments such as cognitive-behavioural therapy:

A) have little effect on either coping or survival.
B) improve coping, but not survival rate.
C) improve survival rate, but not coping.
D) improve both coping and survival rate.

Question 49

Which of these factors is NOT listed in the text as having an influence on the progression of HIV to AIDS and adjustment to an HIV diagnosis?

A) Genetic factors
B) Social support
C) Depression
D) Stress

Question 50

The populations who most often experience sleep difficulties are

A) women and middle-aged adults.
B) women and older adults.
C) men and middle-aged adults.
D) men and children.  

Question 51

____________ is/are one of the most common physical childhood complaints.

A) Lethargy
B) Malaise
C) Recurrent abdominal pain
D) Body aches  

Question 52

Personality characteristics such as optimism and pessimism influence the impact of stress by acting as

A) risk factors.
B) behavioural influences.
C) internal moderators.
D) resilience elements.

Question 53

According to the text, the different ways that men and women respond to stress may be the result of

A) evolutionary influences that dictated different parental roles.
B) genetic differences (e.g., the presence/absence of the Y chromosome) and hormonal differences.
C) societal influences on gender roles and differences in the physical stress response.
D) genetic differences and societal influences on gender roles.  

Question 54

Clinically, children tend to express symptoms of distress through

A) conduct disorders.
B) physical complaints.
C) psychological issues.
D) changes in sleep patterns.  

Question 55

Although exercise can help people cope with stress, most who give up on exercise report that they do so because they

A) are too unhealthy for physical activity.
B) have no access to a gym or other facility.
C) are too stressed out and lack enough time.
D) perceive no benefit from exercise.

Question 56

According to the text, one of the most important predictors of health is

A) education level.
B) religious affiliation.
C) socioeconomic status.
D) family.  

Question 57

In 2011, it was estimated that over ________ Canadians were infected with HIV.

A) 71,000.
B) 61,000.
C) 7,100.
D) 6,100.

Question 58

At present, more than _______ people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS.

A) 56 million.
B) 33 million.
C) 53 million.
D) 77 million.

Question 59

A useful health-promotion program that targets at-risk HIV/AIDS populations is

A) modeling.
B) education.
C) social support.
D) outreach programs.

Question 60

Differences in sleep patterns and symptoms among the various ethnic groups may reflect differences in

A) socioeconomic status.
B) education level.
C) social support.
D) biological makeup.  

Question 61

In the appraisal process, primary appraisal refers to a person's identification of available coping skills.

Question 62

Anna is serious about losing weight. She joined a gym and enrolled in an online weight loss support group. Realizing that she also needed to change her eating habits, Anna gave away all of her junk food and replaced it with healthy choices in order to avoid temptation. This last lifestyle change is an example of

A) symbolic control.
B) contingency contracting.
C) stimulus control.
D) secondary intervention.

Question 63

Health-promotion programs that are designed for people who have an increased risk for health problems are known as

A) healthy start programs.
B) secondary prevention.
C) primary prevention.
D) primary intervention.  

Question 64

Attitudes and behaviours can have an effect on immune system functioning.

Question 65

The strategy that relies on setting up a reinforcement program to encourage healthier behaviour is called

A) stimulus control.
B) symbolic control.
C) secondary intervention.
D) contingency contracting.  

Question 66

Pain is classified as chronic when it lasts

A) six weeks or more.
B) two months or more.
C) six months or more.
D) one year or more.

Question 67

According to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, divorce ranks as the top cause of stress.

Question 68

An intervention program that focuses on increasing health behaviours among people without disease is called

A) primary prevention.
B) secondary prevention.
C) primary intervention.
D) healthy start programs.

Question 69

Lauren is an administrative assistant at a big law firm. While her days are busy answering phones, preparing documents on the computer, and scheduling appointments, it is mostly sedentary work. Lauren has poor eating habits and is overweight. Because of a family history of heart disease, Lauren's doctor suggested that she join a new weight loss support group at the hospital that teaches healthy lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise. This is an example of

A) primary prevention.
B) healthy start programs.
C) secondary prevention.
D) primary intervention.  

Question 70

A flat tire on the way to work is an example of a daily hassle.

Question 71

What is considered to be the "fifth vital sign" of a medical evaluation?

A) Respiratory rate
B) Fatigue
C) Temperature
D) Pain

Question 72

Modifying behaviour by changing the stimuli that bring on the behaviour is called

A) contingency contracting.
B) stimulus control.
C) primary intervention.
D) behaviour control.  

Question 73

The main reason health care professionals are often reluctant to prescribe opioids for pain management is that

A) their use often leads to problematic or illegal behaviours.
B) they are the most commonly abused prescription drug.
C) increased dosages tend to suppress the respiratory system.
D) long-term use actually increases pain sensitivity.  

Question 74

Codeine and hydrocodone are examples of:

A) antidepressants.
B) opioids.
C) neuroleptics.
D) anti-inflammatory drugs.  

Question 75

Education is usually one of the first steps to increasing healthy behaviours. For example, the text describes a highly effective mass media campaign that was launched in the 1960s to inform people about the dangers of

A) alcohol.
B) drug use.
C) premarital sex.
D) smoking.

Question 76

Alice is six years old and refuses to eat fruits or vegetables. The pediatrician recommended that her parents give her a gold star every time she eats a piece of fruit or a vegetable. At the end of the week, Alice can trade in the stars for special non-food treats (e.g., going to the science center or zoo, or movie rentals). This is an example of

A) contingency contracting.
B) stimulus control.
C) secondary intervention.
D) symbolic control.  

Question 77

Acute stress refers to minor aversive events that occur day-to-day.

Question 78

In contrast to the biopsychosocial model, the biomedical model theorizes that illnesses are caused solely by biological processes.

Question 79

Mind-body dualism states that the mind and body work together to bring about good mental and physical health.

Question 80

Which statement is True with respect to pain medication?

A) Opioids are the most commonly prescribed pain medications.
B) Opioids are mainly used to reduce anxiety.
C) Anti-inflammatory medicines not only relieve pain, but also affect mood.
D) Antidepressants do little to relieve pain.