Deck 3: Gender Development the Socialization Process

Question 1

Describe the gender role socialization pattern among African Americans.

Answer 1

No Answer.

Question 2

Compare and contrast any two theories of gender role socialization. Which theory do you think has a better explanation? Why?

Answer 2

No Answer.

Question 3

Social learning theory asserts that children are more active than passive participants in gender socialization.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Describe the similarities and differences between fathers and mothers in parenting practices.

Question 5

Social cognitive theory draws from social learning theory, cognitive development theory and gender schema theory.

Question 6

Gender typing of children begins when they enter kindergarten.

Question 7

Describe the benefits and drawbacks for boys and girls engaging in gender-stereotyped play.

Question 8

Discuss the power of television as an agent of socialization.

Question 9

The preference for sons in Asian cultures is a thing of the past.

Question 10

Discuss reasons for and effects of son preference in China and South Asia.

Question 11

The process by which we learn the cultural expectations of femininity and masculinity is referred to as

A) gender identity
B) gender socialization
C) agent of socialization
D) sexual orientation

Question 12

By pre-school, children have a firm commitment to own-gender toys.

Question 13

Which cultural factors impact gender socialization?

A) race
B) social class
C) values
D) all of the above

Question 14

When Tom and Jack saw 5 year-old Joey playing house with his sisters they laughed at him and called him names. Joey promptly quit playing with his sisters. In this scenario, what is an example of a measure of social control?

A) Joey's age
B) Joey quits playing with his sisters
C) Joey's sisters
D) ridicule by Tom and Jack

Question 15

Working-class parents are more likely to emphasize conformity in socializing their children. This can lead to

A) gender role flexibility
B) gender role rigidity
C) independence for girls
D) achievement motivation for boys

Question 16

Female gender roles tend to be more deferential and subordinate among

A) African Americans
B) Latino subcultures
C) White Americans in general
D) Middle-class Americans, regardless of race

Question 17

Which theory of socialization asserts that once children learn gender identity, they make choices based on that identity?

A) social learning theory
B) cognitive development theory
C) gender schema theory
D) functionalism

Question 18

________ is developed when children associate the label of boy or girl with the rewards that come with the appropriate behavior and then act out gender roles according to that perception.

A) Gender identity
B) Gender socialization
C) Agent of socialization
D) Sexual orientation

Question 19

David Lynn asserts that boys have greater difficulty in the process of gender socialization because

A) fathers are not as available as mothers in early childhood
B) fathers do not exhibit as much intimacy as mothers do
C) boys are often told what they should not do, rather than what they should do
D) all of the above

Question 20

From a social learning perspective, socialization into gender roles is based on

A) rewards and punishments
B) modeling and imitation
C) differential reinforcement
D) all of the above

Question 21

Which theory stresses the child's active role in his/her gender socialization?

A) social learning theory
B) cognitive development theory
C) gender schema theory
D) functionalism

Question 22

According to cognitive development theory

A) gender identity proceeds independently of level of cognitive development
B) the process of socialization is predetermined for the child
C) once gender identity is developed, much behavior is organized around it
D) socialization occurs primarily through a system of rewards and punishments

Question 23

Which of these theorists is associated with cognitive development theory?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Sandra Bem
C) Sigmund Freud
D) David Lynn

Question 24

Cognitive structures used to understand the world, interpret perception, and process new information are called

A) gender identity
B) self-perception
C) dendrites
D) schemas

Question 25

Where are gender schemas likely to be more complex?

A) in middle-class families
B) in cultures that rigidly adhere to beliefs about gender differences
C) in the United States
D) in the workplace

Question 26

Bem suggests that in American culture there are prominent cultural lenses based on gender. Which of the following is not one of these?

A) androgyny
B) gender polarization
C) androcentrism
D) biological essentialism

Question 27

In the United States, female college students and first time pregnant women express preference for _____ for a firstborn child.

A) a son
B) a daughter

Question 28

Research concludes that parents

A) describe infants in gender stereotypical ways
B) allow sons to engage in risk-taking behaviors more often
C) encourage more cautious behaviors for girls
D) all of the above

Question 29

In general, toys can be described by all of the following gender characteristics except which one?

A) Girls' toys stress concern for appearance.
B) Girls' toys are more complex and of better quality materials than boys' toys.
C) Boys' toys encourage more physical activity.
D) Boys' toys encourage competition.

Question 30

Mothers are more likely than fathers to

A) engage in rough and tumble play with their son
B) be traditional in gender stereotypes
C) be emotionally supportive
D) encourage autonomy in their sons

Question 31

Studies of play in boys and girls indicate that

A) boys play in smaller groups than girls
B) girls' games are likely to be more complex and competitive than boys' games
C) very active play emphasizing motor functions is encouraged more in boys' play than in girls' play
D) all of the above

Question 32

It is more socially acceptable for

A) a girl to be a "tomboy"
B) a boy to be a "sissy"
C) a boy to be androgynous
D) all of the above

Question 33

The perspective that the responsibility of schools is to socialize children to eventually take on positions necessary to maintain society is based on which of the following theories?

A) functionalism
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interactionism
D) liberal feminist theory

Question 34

Among children, heavy television viewing is strongly associated with

A) critical thinking skills
B) androgynous gender views
C) stereotyped gender views
D) higher socioeconomic status

Question 35

Research by Myra and David Sadker on "what it would be like to become a member of the opposite sex" indicates that

A) both boys and girls prefer their own gender
B) girls find some advantages in becoming boys
C) boys find no advantage in becoming girls
D) all of the above

Question 36

Data from current popular television shows for preschool children indicate

A) more flexible gender role portrayals for girls
B) underrepresentation of females as dominant characters
C) more males than females are portrayed in domestic situations
D) all of the above

Question 37

Son preference in some Asian countries is associated with

A) neglect of female infants and girls
B) higher rates of abortion of female fetuses than male
C) female infanticide
D) all of the above

Question 38

The one-child policy in _______ has worsened the sex ration balance.

A) Bangladesh
B) India
C) China
D) Japan

Question 39

Dowry abuse is rapidly increasing in

A) Bangladesh
B) India
C) China
D) Japan

Question 40

In some Asian cultures, the scarcity of women has led to

A) higher social status for women
B) increasing bride price
C) higher wages for women
D) kidnapping and selling of young girls and women

Question 41

Sandra Bem pioneered gender research in the area of

A) androgyny
B) domestic violence
C) education of girls
D) sexism

Question 42

The integration of traits considered masculine and feminine is called

A) heterosexuality
B) androgyny
C) gender identity
D) gender schema

Question 43

Television commercials aimed at children tend to

A) emphasize androgynous roles
B) reinforce the idea of children as powerless in their own socialization
C) reinforce gender stereotypes
D) portray both boys and girls as competitive and aggressive

Question 44

The unique sense of identity that distinguishes each individual from others is referred to as

A) gender role
B) gender identity
C) cultural identity
D) the self

Question 45

Children and adults can recall personal experiences and reading material more accurately and vividly when the information is presented in _______ways.

A) androgynous
B) aggressive
C) gender stereotypical
D) multiple

Question 46

The shared belief that females and males are opposite beings is referred to as

A) stereotype
B) gender polarization
C) biological essentialism
D) androcentrism