Deck 4: The Lines of Development From Philosophy

Question 1

Harvey's demonstration of the circulation of the blood confirmed the vitalist position.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Descartes argued that animals are automata and that only humans possess a soul or l'âme.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Hobbes's hedonism argued that people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Locke proposed that primary qualities reside in the real world and that secondary qualities are subjective and are produced in people by powers of objects.

Question 5

Kant proposed that there are innate "categories" of cause and effect, time, and space.

Question 6

John Stuart Mill's "mental mechanics" was an attempt to refute James Mill's "mental chemistry."

Question 7

Evolutionary associationism claims that learned behavior can be inherited.

Question 8

Charles Darwin proposed that evolution occurs by chance mutations and the survival of the fit.

Question 9

Wöhler's synthesis of urea showed that a living body is critical for producing organic compounds.

Question 10

Lloyd Morgan's canon in effect shot down the mechanical description of animal behavior.

Question 11

Which of the following contributed to critical empiricism?

A) all of them
B) Kepler's and Brahe's observations of heavenly bodies
C) Harvey's work on circulation of the blood
D) Newton's experiments on light and gravitation

Question 12

René Descartes argued that

A) some mathematical and religious ideas are innate
B) since I exist, I must be thinking
C) animals and people possess a soul, or l'âme
D) extended and unextended substance are basically the same

Question 13

John Locke's philosophy argued that

A) the mind contains simple and complex ideas
B) the axioms of geometry are innate
C) primary qualities reside in the mind and secondary qualities correspond to characteristics of the real world
D) all of these

Question 14

Berkeley's idealistic philosophy proposed that

A) there are no primary qualities (in Locke's sense)
B) since I am thinking, I must exist
C) space perception is innate
D) it is impossible to prove the existence of God

Question 15

David Hume's analysis of human knowledge

A) led him to skepticism
B) convinced him of the existence of himself and God
C) showed that there is a necessary connection between cause and effect
D) refuted Berkeley's solipsism

Question 16

Immanuel Kant's writings argued that

A) percepts are given to us according to our concepts, not vice versa
B) the "categories" include similarity, contrast, and contiguity in space and time
C) we can directly sense "noumena" or things-in-themselves in the real world
D) none of these

Question 17

Which of the following philosophers argued that association is a fundamental law of mind?

A) all of these
B) Aristotle, with his laws
C) Hartley, with his vibrations and vibratiuncles
D) Brown, with his doctrine of suggestion

Question 18

James Mill's influential philosophy

A) was a high point in the history of associationism
B) argued that the laws of association include similarity, contrast, and contiguity in space and time
C) proposed a "mental chemistry" as opposed to "mental mechanics"
D) suggested that to be means to be perceived

Question 19

Darwin's theory of evolution proposed that

A) evolution is due to chance mutations and survival of the fit
B) hedonism accounts for evolution
C) the aim of education is adjustment
D) evolution occurs in physical structures, but not in behavior

Question 20

Which of the following contributed to scientific materialism?

A) Wöhler, with his synthesis of urea
B) Bergson, with his concept of the "élan vital"
C) Johannes Müller, with his vitalism
D) Jacques Loeb, with his work showing that tropisms occur only in plants.

Question 21

How did Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood affect the then-current beliefs?

Question 22

Describe Descartes's view of extended and unextended substance.

Question 23

Why did Hobbes believe that human society requires a "social order?"

Question 24

What was Spinoza's double-aspect position on the mind-body problem?

Question 25

How did Locke distinguish between primary and secondary qualities?

Question 26

Describe Leibniz's psychophysical parallelism.

Question 27

Why did Berkeley argue that there are no primary qualities in Locke's sense?

Question 28

What is evolutionary associationism?

Question 29

How can Hamilton's principle of redintegration explain the phenomenon of "déjà vu?"

Question 30

How did Swammerdam's experiment on contracting muscles disprove the idea that muscles contract because of the entry into them of animal spirits?
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Answers to short answer questions for Chapter 4: The Lines of Development from Philosophy

Question 31

Describe Leibniz's psychophysical parallelism.

Question 32

Describe Leibniz's proposal that petites perceptions summate to generate higher-level percepts.

Question 33

Summarize Berkeley's argument that tactile-kinesthetic sensations are the basis of space perception.

Question 34

What was the primary basis of Hume's skepticism?

Question 35

Contrast critical empiricism with the middle-age reliance on the authority of the Church.

Question 36

Contrast the views of Descartes and Berkeley on the mind-body problem.

Question 37

Summarize Locke's and Berkeley's positions on primary and secondary qualities.

Question 38

Contrast John Stuart Mill's "mental chemistry" with his father James Mill's "mental mechanics."

Question 39

What are the main tenets of scientific materialism?