Deck 3: The Lines of Development From Science

Question 1

The lines of development from science are physiology, biology, atomism, quantification, and the founding of laboratories.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Astruc and Whytt proposed that reflexes occur only in invertebrate species.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Descartes wrote the influential book, "Integrative Action of the Nervous System."

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Helmholtz claimed that the nerve impulse is too fast to measure, but Johannes Müller managed to measure it.

Question 5

The all-or-none law asserts that a neuron either fires with all its energy or not at all.

Question 6

Scientific research has largely corroborated the theories of the phrenologists.

Question 7

Sir Isaac Newton showed that white light can be broken down into the basic colors of the rainbow.

Question 8

The Gaussian normal curve is a useful device for distinguishing between the "normal" and the "abnormal."

Question 9

The statistical concept of correlation was developed by Galton, Pearson, and Spearman.

Question 10

Mathematico-deductive theories such as those of Herbart, Spinoza, and Hull make extensive use of non-parametric statistics.

Question 11

The Bell-Magendie law

A) holds that sensory nerves are dorsal, motor ones ventral
B) holds that sensory nerves are ventral, motor ones dorsal
C) refuted Eristratus's and Galen's earlier speculations
D) was an early recognition of the significance of the reflex

Question 12

The membrane theory

A) none of these
B) is basically the same as the all-or-none law
C) was established by Ramón y Cajal's neuron theory
D) holds that specific energies of nerves convey sensory quality

Question 13

The quality of sensations is mediated by

A) which neurons are activated
B) the number of impulses in activated neurons
C) the amount of breakdown in neurons' polarization
D) mass action and equipotentiality

Question 14

The theory of phrenology or organology proposes that

A) all of these
B) mental functions are associated with specific brain areas
C) enlarged brain areas correspond with enhanced psychological functions or faculties
D) bumps on the skull accommodate enlarged underlying brain areas

Question 15

Among the proponents of "mass action" and "equipotentiality" are

A) none of these
B) the phrenologists or organologists
C) Fritsch and Hitzig, with their work on contralateral representation
D) Broca and his discovery of the "speech center"

Question 16

Helmholtz proposed "specific fiber energies"

A) to account for the perception of auditory pitch
B) to explain the blind spot
C) as the mechanism for opponent processes in the retina
D) as the explanation for red-green color blindness

Question 17

Linnaeus, Zwaardenaker, and Henning all contributed primarily to the study of

A) smell
B) hearing
C) vision
D) kinesthesis

Question 18

Wheatstone's stereoscope

A) presented two slightly different images to the two retinas
B) broke white light down into the colors of the rainbow
C) was used to study the ossicles of the inner ear
D) was a device for research on touch and kinesthesis

Question 19

Ohn's law concerning Fourier analysis applies to the

A) ear
B) eye
C) nose
D) skin

Question 20

Immanuel Kant argued that psychology can never be an experimental science because

A) both c and d
B) neither c nor d
C) psychological quantities can not be measured
D) it is impossible to experiment with psychological processes

Question 21

Bell in 1811 and Magendie in 1822 proposed a specific structural correlate of sensory and motor functions. What was it?

Question 22

How did Helmholtz's experiment refute Johannes Müller's argument about the speed of the neural impulse?

Question 23

The all-or-none law generated a paradox concerning the neural mediation of sensory intensity and quality. What was this paradox?

Question 24

What is Ohm's acoustic law?

Question 25

How did Wheatstone's stereoscope generate a three-dimensional image?

Question 26

Why did Kant believe that psychology cannot be a science?

Question 27

How did the difference in temporal observations between astronomers Maskelyne and Kinnebrook generate the research field of study of reaction time?

Question 28

What did Bessel mean by the "personal equation?"
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Answers to short answer questions for Chapter 3: The Lines of Development from Science

Question 29

What were the contributions of Ramón y Cajal's neuron theory, the membrane theory, and the all-or-none law to the understanding of the structure and function of the nervous system?

Question 30

Summarize the three basic assumptions of phrenology.

Question 31

How did Franz and Lashley establish the doctrines of mass action and equipotentiality?

Question 32

Summarize how Helmholtz proposed that specific fiber energies can explain the perception of visual color and of auditory pitch.

Question 33

Contrast the three-element color theory of Young and Helmholtz with that of Ewald Hering.

Question 34

How did Herbart, Weber, Fechner, and Ebbinghaus refute Kant's dictum that psychology cannot be a science?

Question 35

Briefly describe Donders' work on simple and complex reaction time, Lange's distinction between response and stimulus reaction time, and Wundt's subtractive method.

Question 36

How did Quetelt use Gauss's "normal curve" to understand various biological and social measurements?