Deck 10: Successful Aging

Question 1

Which organization provided the definition of health as not merely the absence of disease but an optimal state of physical and mental well-being?

A) United Nations
B) World Health Organization
C) Canadian Institute on Healthy Aging
D) Canadian Institute on Aging
E) The Gerontologist

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A mass media campaign conveys the message to eat 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day to maintain a healthy weight. This is an example of

A) health promotion
B) commercial marketing
C) farmer's advocacy
D) government assistance to farmers
E) grocery store advertising

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Generations of gerontologists made explicit the distinction between normal aging and disease. What came under attack in the 1970s?

A) gerontology as a profession
B) gerontology as a discipline
C) the "normalcy" of aging
D) the "normalcy" of disease
E) the concept of successful aging

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The concept of successful aging was borne of the realization that

A) personal control over health extended beyond morbidity and mortality to affect the course of aging itself
B) people had no control over their health beyond morbidity and mortality
C) personal control over health stopped at morbidity and mortality and did not affect the course of aging
D) morbidity and mortality affect the course of aging
E) morbidity and mortality do not affect the course of aging

Question 5

Which of the following terms is not a synonym for successful aging?

A) healthy aging
B) optimal aging
C) aging well
D) prime aging
E) vital aging

Question 6

Successful aging and its synonyms share a common feature: individuals who are thought to be aging successfully are "doing better" in later life than people aging _______.

A) normally
B) slowly
C) quickly
D) unsuccessfully
E) wrongly

Question 7

A graph shows a smooth, symmetrical curve with its peak in the middle. This is an example of a(n)

A) successful distribution
B) inverted-U distribution
C) normal distribution
D) wave distribution
E) skewed distribution

Question 8

Which concept refers to a population of observations that is meaningful only by reference to a distribution of those observations?

A) normal distribution
B) normal expectation
C) normal aging
D) successful distribution
E) successful expectation

Question 9

An inference that the main sources of variability within cross-sectional cohort data relate to aging is usually a(n) _______ hypothesis.

A) solid
B) proven
C) grounded
D) unfounded
E) true

Question 10

Research on individual differences between humans dates from the 19^th-century beginnings of _______ as the scientific study of behaviour.

A) sociology
B) biology
C) immunology
D) psychology
E) anthropology

Question 11

A longstanding belief in the discipline of gerontology is that older people are

A) more heterogeneous than younger people
B) easier to study than younger people
C) more homogeneous than younger people
D) harder to study than younger people
E) no different than younger people

Question 12

Which of the following models assumes an absence of aging effects?

A) stability model
B) irreversible decrement model
C) decrement with compensation model
D) process model
E) typological model

Question 13

Which of the following models assumes ongoing and irreversible aging effects?

A) stability model
B) irreversible decrement model
C) decrement with compensation model
D) process model
E) typological model

Question 14

Which of the following models assumes age deterioration and the possibility for its remediation?

A) stability model
B) irreversible decrement model
C) decrement with compensation model
D) process model
E) typological model

Question 15

Which of the following models most certainly anticipates a wider range of individual differences in older than younger people?

A) stability model
B) irreversible decrement model
C) decrement with compensation model
D) process model
E) typological model

Question 16

Which of the following models does not anticipate a wider range of individual differences in older than younger people?

A) stability model
B) irreversible decrement model
C) decrement with compensation model
D) process model
E) typological model

Question 17

A certain model attempts to explain only the reasons for individual differences in aging. This is an example of a(n)

A) individual model
B) group model
C) differences model
D) process model
E) typological model

Question 18

A certain model attempts to explain individual differences in various life domains. This is an example of a(n)

A) individual model
B) group model
C) differences model
D) process model
E) typological model

Question 19

Which models attempt to provide integrated perspectives on individual differences in aging?

A) process and typological models
B) stability and irreversible decrement models
C) life course and hierarchical models
D) stability and decrement with compensation models
E) irreversible decrement and decrement with compensation models

Question 20

The three life domains discussed in typological models are

A) biological aging, healthy aging, social aging
B) biological aging, psychological aging, social aging
C) biological aging, psychological aging, successful aging
D) optimal aging, psychological aging, social aging
E) healthy aging, optimal aging, aging well

Question 21

Which life domain encompasses the vital life-limiting organ systems?

A) biological aging
B) psychological aging
C) social aging
D) healthy aging
E) aging well

Question 22

Which life domain refers to the adaptive capacities of individuals to deal with a changing environment compared with chronological age peers?

A) biological aging
B) psychological aging
C) social aging
D) healthy aging
E) aging well

Question 23

Cultural forces can also augment later-life diversity. Under which life domain would this statement best fit?

A) biological aging
B) psychological aging
C) social aging
D) healthy aging
E) aging well

Question 24

Which model needs not assume a rate of aging that is constant across all members within a species?

A) stability model
B) irreversible decrement model
C) decrement with compensation model
D) process model
E) typological model

Question 25

Studies on the effects of caloric restriction on aging reflect which of the following models?

A) stability model
B) irreversible decrement model
C) decrement with compensation model
D) process model
E) typological model

Question 26

An aging boxer realizes that while he can still please his fans by winning matches, he can no longer do it with the flair and flourish he once did. He therefore lowers his expectations to meet his declining performance. His actions are best described by which model?

A) stability model
B) irreversible decrement model
C) decrement with compensation model
D) process model
E) typological model

Question 27

Which model attributes increasing heterogeneity with age to the multiplicity of processes that can affect functioning in older people?

A) social aging
B) successful aging
C) differential aging
D) healthy aging
E) gerontological

Question 28

Which of the following is considered a life course model?

A) stability model
B) irreversible decrement model
C) decrement with compensation model
D) process model
E) branching model

Question 29

Giddens (1991) talks about "fateful moments,…at which consequential decisions have to be made or courses of action initiated." This statement best reflects which model?

A) differential aging model
B) irreversible decrement model
C) decrement with compensation model
D) process model
E) branching model

Question 30

Life course models use biographical data to substantiate the models, but sometimes people cannot accurately remember events in their past, or they may interpret them differently in the present. This is an example of

A) participant bias
B) volunteer bias
C) self-selection bias
D) selective bias
E) process bias

Question 31

Types of aging models are examples of

A) process models
B) typological models
C) hierarchical models
D) differential aging models
E) branching models

Question 32

An age-intrinsic effect is

A) the result of research bias
B) a change attributable to age alone
C) a change attributable to normal expectations
D) a change attributable to normative effects
E) the result of a normal distribution

Question 33

Normative effects and effects with other causes are

A) age-intrinsic
B) not usually studied
C) indicators of healthy aging
D) indicators of unsuccessful aging
E) age-extrinsic

Question 34

In the types of aging model, usual aging is a sub-classification of

A) primary aging
B) secondary aging
C) tertiary aging
D) social aging
E) vital aging

Question 35

In the types of aging model, changes because of chronic disease are classified into

A) primary aging
B) secondary aging
C) tertiary aging
D) social aging
E) vital aging

Question 36

In the types of aging model, the "terminal drop" is classified into

A) primary aging
B) secondary aging
C) tertiary aging
D) social aging
E) vital aging

Question 37

A research study investigates successful and usual aging, changes because of chronic disease, and the "terminal drop." Which model does this study most closely follow?

A) irreversible decrement
B) decrement with compensation
C) differential aging
D) branching
E) types of aging

Question 38

The fact the Beethoven continued to compose music after becoming deaf presents a challenge to which model?

A) irreversible decrement
B) decrement with compensation
C) differential aging
D) branching
E) types of aging

Question 39

People successfully aging include those for whom detrimental age changes on important age-dependent variables are lower than normatively expected. This statement about successful aging within the contexts of the models described in the textbook is

A) a false statement
B) the least controversial inference
C) the best statement
D) the most controversial inference
E) not supported by the models

Question 40

Research findings show considerable disarray in both models and indicators of successful aging. Consequently, the term successful aging

A) should not be used
B) conveys a consistent meaning across studies
C) should only be used with hierarchical models
D) applies only to process models
E) does not convey a consistent meaning across studies

Question 41

Which of the following models include variables that are not expected to show regular changes with age but that have relevance to health and well-being?

A) biological aging; psychological aging; social aging
B) irreversible decrement; decrement with compensation; life course
C) primary aging; secondary aging; tertiary aging
D) mental well-being; health and autonomy; mixed
E) differential aging; branching; process

Question 42

A research study investigates the constructs of zest versus apathy, resolution and fortitude, congruence between desired and achieved goals, self-concept, and mood tone. Which model does this study most closely follow?

A) mental well-being
B) decrement with compensation
C) differential aging
D) branching
E) types of aging

Question 43

Failures to replicate the structure of complex scales are common in psychometric research. Only scales with _______ structures and based on _______ psychometric models tend to show structural stability regardless of sampling.

A) enduring, simple
B) complex, weak
C) weak, complex
D) simple, enduring
E) simple, complex

Question 44

Models of mental well-being have been derived from

A) quantitative research
B) qualitative research
C) genetic research
D) anthropological research
E) both quantitative and qualitative research

Question 45

Roos and Havens (1991) defined a favourable profile solely in terms of health and functional capability. This study follows which model best?

A) mental well-being
B) decrement with compensation
C) health and autonomy
D) branching
E) mixed

Question 46

A model contains three components: a low risk of disease and disability; high mental and physical functions; and active engagement with life. This is an example of which model?

A) mental well-being
B) decrement with compensation
C) health and autonomy
D) branching
E) mixed

Question 47

The International Federation of Aging's model of Vital Aging reflects a

A) mixed model
B) mental well-being model
C) health and autonomy model
D) stability model
E) differential aging model

Question 48

The SAQ is a 70-item self-administered measure of multiple domains. SAQ refers to

A) Standard Aging Quiz
B) Successful Aging Quiz
C) Standard Aging Questionnaire
D) Successful Aging Questionnaire
E) Successful Aging Quartile

Question 49

The four components of the SAQ are

A) negative orientation; standard orientation; activity; health
B) standard orientation; positive orientation; activity; health
C) negative orientation; positive orientation; aging; health
D) negative orientation; positive orientation; activity; hierarchy
E) negative orientation; positive orientation; activity; health

Question 50

Studies examined the perceptions of older people about their own successful aging compared with those from mixed models. The findings suggest that most people over 60 years rate themselves as aging

A) unsuccessfully
B) satisfactorily
C) successfully
D) too quickly
E) too slowly

Question 51

A smooth, symmetrical curve with its peak in the middle represents a normal distribution.

Question 52

Social aging refers to the adaptive capabilities of individuals to deal with a changing environment compared with chronological age peers.

Question 53

Disease, disability and lifestyle are examples of age-intrinsic effects.

Question 54

The successful aging model could lead to older people being doubly stigmatized for being old and aging "unsuccessfully."

Question 55

Mixed models do not measure autonomy.

Question 56

Briefly describe the origins of the concept of "successful aging." What are other terms for successful aging, and what do they have in common?

Question 57

Studies that address successful aging investigate individual differences in aging. What does the term successful aging connote with respect to individual differences in cross-sectional data? Comment briefly on these connotations.

Question 58

Identify and briefly describe the three basic models that encapsulate the age trends studied by gerontologists. Do each of the models deal with individual differences between older and younger people in same way? If not, identify why.

Question 59

Identify the four types of models of individual differences on age-dependent measures. How do they differ from one another?

Question 60

Identify and briefly describe the three domains of typological models.

Question 61

Describe the irreversible decrement and decrement with compensation models. Comment on the empirical support for each.

Question 62

What is the basic premise of the decrement with compensation model? How has the model evolved over time?

Question 63

How do life course models differ from other gerontological models? What is the basic premise of the branching model? Discuss a limitation to evidence for life course models.

Question 64

Identify the three classifications in the types of aging model and briefly define each. What are the benefits of this model? What are its limitations?

Question 65

Why does the current use of the term "successful aging," despite its popularity, require further explanation? Identify and briefly discuss three reasons.

Question 66

Explain the relevance of individual difference, normal expectation, and normal versus abnormal findings in the context of the study of successful aging. Identify and discuss some of the problems or limitations with this approach.

Question 67

Explain the limitations using longitudinal data and cross-sectional data in the study of successful aging.

Question 68

Discuss the three domains of the typological model. Discuss the supporting evidence for the domains, where possible.

Question 69

Identify the models of individual differences related to later-life health and well-being. How do these models differ from models of individual differences on age-dependent measures? What is the significance of this difference to the study and understanding of successful aging?

Question 70

How do mixed models relate to other models of individual difference related to later-life health and well-being? What are some of the problems of mixed models? Explain why the International Federation of Aging's Model of Vital Aging should be considered a mixed model. Discuss the development of the Successful Aging Quiz (SAQ) and its support.