Deck 8: Mental Well-Being and Mental Disorder

Question 1

Since the time of the classical Greek philosophers, a predominant theme in Western thought suggests that _____ is what most people want above all else.

A) love
B) wealth
C) curiosity
D) happiness
E) freedom

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Theories around the root of happiness changed in which progression to present times:

A) environmental influences; virtuous activities; dispositional influences
B) virtuous activity; environmental influences; dispositional influences
C) dispositional influences; environmental influences; virtuous activity
D) virtuous activity; dispositional influences; environmental influences
E) environmental influences; dispositional influences; virtuous activity

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Mental well-being now falls within a broader concept of

A) happiness
B) mental health
C) mental order
D) healthy aging
E) affective experience

Answer 3

B

Question 4

All but which of the following are terms used to describe mental well-being?

A) happiness
B) state affect
C) life satisfaction
D) morale
E) trait affect

Question 5

A response set bias applies only to scales with _____ responses.

A) numerical
B) interval
C) ratio
D) continuous
E) categorical

Question 6

Analysis of survey results shows that most respondents selected "strongly disagree" to most items on the questionnaire. This may be an example of

A) response set
B) extremity set
C) impression management
D) cultural bias
E) selection bias

Question 7

If residents in a nursing are asked to complete a mental well-being measure and they are concerned about creating a good impression, responses will likely be biased as a result of

A) response set
B) extremity set
C) impression management
D) cultural bias
E) selection bias

Question 8

A concept related to mental well-being, but with a more restricted meaning, is life domain satisfaction, which refers to

A) temporally specific mood states
B) affective style or affectivity
C) satisfactions with specific aspects of life such as health and finances
D) a subjective evaluation of the overall quality of life
E) a continuum ranging from bliss to extreme misery

Question 9

Findings on mental health transcend countries and demographic strata such as age, gender and social class within countries showing mental well-being is

A) normally distributed
B) positively skewed
C) negatively skewed
D) curvilinear
E) quadratic

Question 10

While most findings show that mental health is negatively skewed, there are a few exceptions in certain populations. One of these exceptions is

A) women aged 45 to 60
B) men aged 45 to 60
C) residents of long-term care homes
D) affluent youth living in Africa
E) poor children living in the United States

Question 11

With respect to happiness, "social pathology" and "relative deprivation" models would suggest

A) negatively skewed findings on mental well-being support the models
B) happiness, not unhappiness, should be the prevailing condition
C) unhappiness, not happiness, should be the prevailing condition
D) happiness is related to virtuous activity
E) findings on overall happiness should be accepted without question

Question 12

A meta-analysis of research on socio-economic influences on mental well-being showed that the _____ is more relevant than the _____ of an older person's social network.

A) size; quality
B) size; quantity
C) quality; timing
D) quantity; size
E) quality; size

Question 13

Research suggests that mental well-being _____ as people age.

A) retains stability
B) slightly increases
C) substantially increases
D) slightly decreases
E) substantially decreases

Question 14

Which model assumes mental well-being to be a reactive state, with outside influences mediated through situational appraisal?

A) top-down
B) up-down
C) bottom-up
D) bottom-top
E) vertical-horizontal

Question 15

Which of the following provides the most support for bottom-up models?

A) cross-sectional research
B) experimental manipulations
C) prospective case-control studies
D) case studies
E) reminiscence therapy

Question 16

Which model assumes that mental well-being is more unchanging than changeable?

A) top-down
B) up-down
C) bottom-up
D) bottom-top
E) vertical-horizontal

Question 17

The evidence suggest that the "big five personality traits"

A) change over time
B) retain stability over time
C) are not correlated with mental health
D) are not correlated with well-being
E) do not have a genetic component

Question 18

Which of the following personality traits show substantial heritability, meaning that genetics contribute to their development?

A) neuroticism and openness to experience
B) extroversion and conscientiousness
C) agreeableness and neuroticism
D) neuroticism and extroversion
E) agreeableness and conscientiousness

Question 19

The strongest evidence available in support of the top-down model, comes from research on

A) heritability
B) institutions
C) reminiscence
D) demographic factors
E) job satisfaction

Question 20

It has been estimated that approximately ______ percent of the variability between individuals in mental well-being is attributable to genetic rather than environmental differences.

A) sixteen
B) twenty-five
C) forty-eight
D) sixty-two
E) eighty

Question 21

A prediction of the up-down model within the general population, which has received empirical support across a range of ages, is

A) that top-down effects outweigh bottom-up effects
B) that bottom-up effects outweigh top-down effects
C) that top-down and bottom-up effects have the same contribution
D) that up-down effects outweigh bottom-up effects
E) that up-down effects outweigh top-down effects

Question 22

Which of the following terms refers to a discipline that specifically focuses on the mental health of older people?

A) psychology
B) psychiatry
C) geriatrics
D) gerontology
E) psychogeriatrics

Question 23

Which of the following terms refers to the medical specialty dealing with illness in older people?

A) psychology
B) psychiatry
C) geriatrics
D) gerontology
E) psychogeriatrics

Question 24

North America imported models of institutional care based on experiences in _____ at the beginning of the 19^th Century.

A) South America
B) Europe
C) Africa
D) Asia
E) developing countries

Question 25

By the middle of the 19^th century, insanity in North America was changing from

A) a religious interpretation to a medical outlook
B) a medical outlook to a religious interpretation
C) a medical outlook to a holistic outlook
D) a religious interpretation to a holistic outlook
E) a holistic outlook to a religious interpretation

Question 26

By the early 1940s, more than 240 institutions for people existed across Canada. Of the residents in these institutions, _____ were aged 60 and over.

A) none
B) one-fifth
C) one-quarter
D) half
E) two-thirds

Question 27

Throughout most of the 20^th Century, most severe mentally ill patients lived

A) with their families
B) in assisted living arrangements
C) independently
D) in psychiatric institutions
E) in poor houses

Question 28

One of the factors leading to major changes in psychiatry during the past quarter-century was

A) the consensus on diagnostic criteria and the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, which facilitated the reliable diagnosis of mental disorders
B) the minimal use of pharmacological therapy in the treatment of psychosis, bipolar affective disorder and depression
C) the discontinuation of cognitive-behavioural therapy in patients with neurosis
D) the evolution of an institutional psychiatric model of care
E) psychosocial interventions were no longer part of standard practice

Question 29

The introduction of new provincial and federal funding plans changed the treatment of the old, from a culture of despair to one of health care. However, there were several problems with this new model of care which include all of the following but

A) nursing homes were expensive
B) there was a lack of acknowledged criteria for admission
C) there was a lack of good assessment tools
D) there were equitable admission practices
E) many people who required care did not have a bed for long periods of time

Question 30

The introduction of new provincial and federal funding plans the treatment of the old, from a culture of despair to one of health care. However, there were several problems with this new model of care. Which of the following developments occurred to address these problems

A) nursing homes began to operate more cost-effectively
B) government funding to nursing homes increased substantially
C) admission criteria were normalized and standardized assessment tools were introduced to measure need
D) older people no longer lived independently
E) all older people without waiting, received a bed in a nursing home

Question 31

The MDS 2.0 has been used in Canada to report on the quality of care in nursing homes. One of the findings suggests that long-term care facilities in Ontario compared to nursing homes in the United States and Europe have

A) higher rates for physical restraints and a lower prevalence of untreated cases of depression
B) lower rates for physical restraints and a lower prevalence of untreated cases of depression
C) higher rates for physical restraints and a higher prevalence of untreated cases of depression
D) lower rates for physical restraints and a higher prevalence of untreated cases of depression
E) the same rates for physical restraints and the same prevalence of untreated cases of depression

Question 32

The study of the frequency of diseases refers to

A) geriatrics
B) epidemiology
C) psychiatry
D) health care research
E) medicine

Question 33

The first comprehensive survey sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States was called the

A) Mental Health and Well-being Survey
B) National Mental Health Survey
C) National Mental Disorders Survey
D) Epidemiological Catchment Area Survey
E) Epidemiology of Mental Health Survey

Question 34

Findings from the Epidemiological Catchment Area Survey in the United States, the first comprehensive survey of mental disorders, found that

A) the prevalence rates of mental disorders are lower among people aged 65 and older, than in younger adults
B) with the exception of severe cognitive disorder, the prevalence rates of mental disorders are lower among people aged 55 and older, than in younger adults
C) the prevalence rates of mental disorders are higher among people aged 55 and older, than in younger adults
D) with the exception of severe cognitive disorder, the prevalence rates of mental disorders are higher among people aged 55 and older, than in younger adults
E) the prevalence rates of mental disorders are the same among people aged 55 and older, as in younger adults

Question 35

Other than severe cognitive impairment, the most frequent disorders in later life are

A) anxiety and schizophrenia
B) schizophrenia and mood
C) anxiety and mood
D) anorexia nervosa and anxiety
E) anorexia nervosa and mood

Question 36

Which of the following is the most frequent disorder at any age?

A) antisocial personality disorder
B) anxiety
C) mood
D) anorexia nervosa
E) phobias

Question 37

A person fearful of public places demonstrates which phobia?

A) social phobia
B) specific phobia
C) xenophobia
D) agoraphobia
E) arachnophobia

Question 38

What is required for a diagnosis of major depression?

A) at least three symptoms including depressed mood
B) at least three symptoms including loss of pleasure
C) at least five symptoms including depressed mood or loss of pleasure
D) at least five symptoms including sleep disturbance
E) at least five symptoms including loss of energy

Question 39

Which of the following is true about depression?

A) prevalence rates are higher in women than men
B) prevalence rates are lower in the unmarried than the married
C) it decreases the risk of mortality from physical illness and suicide
D) it is an early predictor of dementia
E) prevalence rates increase with age

Question 40

The prevalence of major depression in older people is

A) 5 percent or lower
B) 10 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 30 percent
E) 40 percent or higher

Question 41

The tripartite model of depression is comprised of

A) anhedonia; positive affect; somatic arousal
B) low negative affect; positive affect; somatic arousal
C) anhedonia; dysphoria; somatic arousal
D) anhedonia; dysphoria; negative arousal
E) anhedonia; dysphoria; positive arousal

Question 42

The use of physical exercise for the treatment of depression in seniors originated in

A) United States
B) Britain
C) Australia
D) Canada
E) Japan

Question 43

The most common form of dementia in later life is

A) Creutzfeldt-Jakob
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) Multi-infarct dementia
D) dementia with Lewy bodies
E) frontal-temporal dementia

Question 44

Which of the following is a criterion for vascular dementia but not Alzheimer's disease?

A) both memory impairment and at least one of language or motor impairment, impaired recognition of objects or executive functioning
B) impaired social or occupational functioning, representing a decline from previous levels
C) signs of focal neurological damage
D) gradual onset and continuation of symptoms
E) the symptoms are not because of other illnesses

Question 45

Both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia involve deterioration in cognitive competence because of changes within the brain but vascular dementia

A) is the most common form of dementia in later life
B) usually never occurs in later life
C) does not have focal neurological signs or symptoms
D) has a different cause
E) does not result in memory impairment

Question 46

Which of the following refers to a disturbance of consciousness and cognition associated with a medial condition, substance use or withdrawal, or multiple or unspecified etiology?

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) vascular dementia
C) major depression
D) minor depression
E) delirium

Question 47

Respondents were drawn from which of the following places for the Canadian Study of Health and Aging?

A) community settings
B) the territories
C) Indian reserves
D) military units
E) high schools

Question 48

It is estimated that if the prevalence rate remained constant, the number of Canadians with dementia would double from 1994 to 2021 because of

A) better assessment tools
B) more research studies
C) lack of access to medication
D) more doctors specializing in psychogeriatrics
E) demographic changes in the population

Question 49

There is a predictable stage-by-stage profession of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. The first symptom is usually _____; the final, _____.

A) forgetfulness; loss of all verbal ability
B) forgetfulness; disorientation
C) confusion; loss of all verbal ability
D) loss of memory; disorientation
E) forgetfulness; disorientation

Question 50

All of the following are criteria for delirium except

A) disturbance of consciousness
B) disturbance of cognition
C) depressed mood
D) development over a short period
E) evidence of a contributing condition

Question 51

Mental health is a continuum ranging from well-being to distress.

Question 52

Geriatrics and psychiatry rank near the top of specialties in the medical hierarchy.

Question 53

Poor houses failed to survive as a model of institutional care in Canada much beyond World War II.

Question 54

The prevalence of major depression declines with age.

Question 55

Delirium and dementia are the two main conditions associated with impaired cognitive competence in later life.

Question 56

Briefly explain the history of "happiness" in the development of mental well-being.

Question 57

Identify and briefly describe the potential problems with the validity of scales used in measuring mental well-being.

Question 58

Describe the three basic models of mental well being: bottom-up, top-down and up-down.

Question 59

Discuss the importance of heritability in top-down models. How is it usually studied? What are the implications of this research?

Question 60

How are geriatrics and psychiatry viewed by colleagues within the medical profession? Why is this the case?

Question 61

What changes led to the evolution of a community psychiatry model?

Question 62

What are the purposes and benefits of Resident Assessment Instruments? Are they mandated in Canada?

Question 63

What is depression? How is it usually diagnosed? Discuss its prevalence, as well as its implications for older people.

Question 64

What is the difference between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia? How prevalent are the diseases in Canada?

Question 65

What is the difference between delirium and dementia? What are the implications or consequences of delirium?

Question 66

How is mental well-being distributed? Does it vary by age? Region? Gender? Are there any exceptions? Discuss the evidence.

Question 67

Trace the history of institutional care in North America. How has the culture of the way older people are treated evolved? How does it differ from the way we treat older people today?

Question 68

Describe the fundamental premises of the three basic models of mental well being: bottom-up, top-down and up-down. Comment briefly on the nature of research conducted to test these models and how the models fared in those studies.

Question 69

Discuss the different beliefs and explanations that have been put forth about mental illness. Medical opinions tend to differ about whether mental illness is a disease of the mind or of the body. Discuss the evidence. Which school of thought is currently reflected in practice?

Question 70

Describe some of the contributions that Canadian researchers have made to the study of mental health, and their implications for the mental health field.