Deck 4: Delinquency Across the Life Span

Question 1

Delinquent girls often suffer from various forms of victimization at home related to:

A) Alcohol misuse.
B) Violence.
C) Illicit drug use.
D) All of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Clausen defined "planful competence" as including:

A) Self-confidence.
B) Intellectual investment.
C) Dependability.
D) Both a and b
E) All of the above

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Laub and Sampson found that adult crime:

A) Is connected to childhood behavior.
B) Arises due to peer pressure alone.
C) Is rooted in anger turned within.
D) All of the above

Answer 3

A

Question 4

"A modification, reshaping, or transition from one state, condition, or phase to another" is defined as a:

A) Transitional change.
B) Rational change.
C) Turning point.
D) All of the above

Question 5

Law-violating females are more likely than males to become:

A) One-time offenders.
B) Chronic offenders.
C) Violent offenders.
D) All of the above

Question 6

According to Terrie Moffitt, in her study of female offenders:

A) Late onset of delinquency is where the focus by criminologists should be.
B) Neuropsychological factors are crucial in the development of delinquency.
C) Early childhood deficits can easily be overcome.
D) Children can develop a lifelong tendency toward delinquency and crime at an age as early as three years.
E) B and D above.

Question 7

Terrie E. Moffitt reported with references to the Dunedin Longitudinal Study findings that male youths develop antisocial behavior due to:

A) Neurodevelopmental factors.
B) Peer group influence.
C) Alcohol and drug use.
D) All of the above

Question 8

According to Moffitt's report on the Dunedin longitudinal data, females have a similar delinquency pattern to males when:

A) Alcohol and drugs are involved.
B) They are victims of sexual abuse.
C) They are victims of physical abuse.
D) There is no similarity in male/female patterns.

Question 9

According to Giordano's theory of cognitive transformation, desistance is likely when:

A) The youth is open to making a change.
B) The youth moves toward a replacement of sense of self.
C) There is exposure to some factor that hooks the youth in a positive direction.
D) All of the above

Question 10

Data analyzed from the Gluecks' research on women on parole revealed that a key factor in their desistance was:

A) Remaining single and away from men.
B) Getting married.
C) Staying in the home and not working.
D) Staying in touch with fellow ex-convicts.

Question 11

A major contribution of the Gluecks' longitudinal research was

A) In showing patterns in desistance of males over their lives.
B) In showing patterns in desistance of females after parole.
C) In leaving their accumulated data for later researchers to study.
D) All of the above.

Question 12

The passage of the Juvenile and Delinquency Prevention Act was designed to:

A) End the tradition of sexism in juvenile justice.
B) End the sending of girls to detention for status offenses.
C) Allow for detention for status offenses to protect girls from their sexuality.
D) Refer juveniles to adult institutions.

Question 13

Laub et al. found that the following turning point promoted desistance in males:

A) Marriage.
B) Employment.
C) A change of neighborhood.
D) All of the above

Question 14

The profile of at-risk adolescent females includes:

A) Poverty.
B) Substance abuse.
C) Early childhood victimization.
D) Unstable family life.
E) All of the above.
F) All except A above.

Question 15

According to the pathways model for female offenders is closely associated with:

A) Late dating and delayed sexual maturity.
B) Refusing to grow up and leave home.
C) Substance misuse.
D) None of the above

Question 16

Lower-class girls, according to feminist criminologists, are more likely to have _______________ than middle and upper class girls.

A) Developed caretaking behavior for others.
B) Early but rewarding employment.
C) To deal with the risks of early pregnancy
D) Satisfactory experiences with school

Question 17

Girls are drawn to gangs because of:

A) Living in a poor neighborhood.
B) Family neglect.
C) Alcohol use.
D) Peer pressure.
E) All of the above

Question 18

According to the text and researchers who were cited, girls are being taken into custody more for violent acts today than previously because of:

A) Their heavier use of illicit drugs.
B) The influence of violence in video games.
C) Their increasing use of physical aggression.
D) The mandatory arrest laws that were passed against family violence.

Question 19

Girls are often victims of various forms of victimization at home related to substance misuse.

Question 20

Clausen defined "planful competence" as including self-confidence and intellectual growth.

Question 21

Laub and Sampson found that adult crime is not connected to childhood behavior.

Question 22

A turning point may be defined as "a modification, reshaping, or transition from one state, condition, or phase to another."

Question 23

Law-violating females are more likely than males to become chronic offenders.

Question 24

Terrie E. Moffitt reported with references to the Dunedin Longitudinal Study findings that male youths often develop antisocial behavior due to peer group influence.

Question 25

According to Moffitt's report on the Dunedin Longitudinal data, females have a similar pattern to males in delinquency when alcohol and drugs are involved.

Question 26

Historically, according to the text, girls have been placed in custody for less serious offenses than boys because of disapproval of girls' sexuality and a desire to control it.

Question 27

Research shows that for formerly delinquent girls, marriage can help them desist from crime, but it depends on the quality of the marriage.

Question 28

According to the text, a high percentage of prostitutes interviewed had not been sexually abused as juveniles.

Question 29

Sexually mature girls who live in high-risk neighborhoods are partially protected from violence due to looking older than they are.

Question 30

Status offenses are offenses that would be crimes for which adults could be arrested.

Question 31

For Black girls, adultification is seen in treatment by authorities of these girls as if they are older than their actual age.

Question 32

Probation staff revealed that the perception that female offenders are more difficult than males does not contribute to gender disparity in the high detention of females.

Question 33

The profile of at-risk adolescent females includes early childhood victimization but not substance misuse.

Question 34

Adjudication is a term used in juvenile justice that takes place after a petition is filed requiring the juvenile to be tried before a judge in juvenile court.

Question 35

Official data show that in a juvenile facility boys are more apt to be sexually victimized by staff than are girls but that girls are more apt to be sexually victimized by their peers.

Question 36

Girls are more apt to be drawn to gangs when living in high-crime neighborhoods and coming from a violent family.

Question 37

The male life course models unlike the female pathways models did not focus on the impact of childhood trauma in delinquency.

Question 38

A major turning point for girls in gangs that helps them turn their lives around is when they become pregnant.

Question 39

Because of their high rate of running away from home and discrimination, LBTQ youth are found disproportionately incarcerated in juvenile facilities.

Question 40

According to the text, for low-offending girls, detention is especially harmful.

Question 41

Girls are often victims of various forms of victimization at home related to _________misuse.

Question 42

Clausen defined "planful __________" as including self-confidence.

Question 43

An event in a youth's life that causes him or her to change course is called a ____________.

Question 44

The term used in criminology for an offender's ending his or her life of crime is.

Question 45

According to Moffitt, children can begin their lifelong path to delinquency and crime during ________________.

Question 46

According to Moffitt's report on the Dunedin Longitudinal data, females have a ________ pattern to males in delinquency when alcohol and drugs are involved.

Question 47

Staff who work with juveniles often have the perception that female offenders are more ___________ than males.

Question 48

Lower-class girls are more likely to have to deal with unplanned early _______________ than middle- and upper-class girls.

Question 49

The term used with reference to the treatment of Black girls who get into trouble as older than they are is _____________.

Question 50

Match the term with the appropriate definition.
-Desistance

A) Termination of delinquent behavior
B) Focus on neuropsychological development
C) Famous for longitudinal research
D) Offending throughout life

Question 51

Match the term with the appropriate definition.
-Moffitt

A) Termination of delinquent behavior
B) Focus on neuropsychological development
C) Famous for longitudinal research
D) Offending throughout life

Question 52

Match the term with the appropriate definition.
-Life-course persisting

A) Termination of delinquent behavior
B) Focus on neuropsychological development
C) Famous for longitudinal research
D) Offending throughout life

Question 53

Match the term with the appropriate definition.
-Gluecks

A) Termination of delinquent behavior
B) Focus on neuropsychological development
C) Famous for longitudinal research
D) Offending throughout life

Question 54

Discuss developmental and life-course theory in terms of their key components.

Question 55

How did Sampson and Laub attempt to explain the continuity of delinquency into adult criminality?

Question 56

What are the differences between female and male careers in crime.

Question 57

Discuss the role of social class in determining the form that delinquency takes.