Deck 6: Verbal Learning

Question 1

Historically, the term "verbal learning" has come to be associated with:

A) stimulus-response learning
B) association learning
C) mental imagery
D) the memorization of word lists

Answer 1

the memorization of word lists

Question 2

A problem with the term "verbal learning" is that it:

A) suggests that subjects are not as active in the learning process as they truly are
B) forces subjects to be passive observers in the learning process
C) leads experimenters to only study the memorization of word lists
D) all of the above

Answer 2

suggests that subjects are not as active in the learning process as they truly are

Question 3

A critical element of Ebbinghaus's work on memory processes involved:

A) a quantitative analysis of perception
B) psychophysics
C) serial learning
D) none of the above

Answer 3

serial learning

Question 4

Which of the following stimuli would be most typical of the material that Ebbinghaus used in his memory research?

A) CAT
B) BIF
C) HEN
D) SAD

Question 5

"Savings" is best described as:

A) the failure to recall experimental stimuli
B) the degree to which an individual improves their recall ability from a first memory test to a second one
C) the degree to which an individual comes to demonstrate better recall for meaningful over nonsense syllables
D) recalling information that one has never been exposed to

Question 6

Josh has just finished studying for his final exam in physics. According to Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve, if Josh it to forget any of the material he just studied, his degree of forgetting will be at its highest level:

A) today
B) tomorrow
C) next week
D) next month

Question 7

The answer to which of the following questions would be considered a valid indicator of one's serial learning ability?

A) How do you set the time on your digital watch?
B) Who's your favorite baseball player?
C) How much exercise is needed to lose 5 pounds of body weight?
D) Where did you go to school?

Question 8

Mandy is one of 10 individuals interviewing for a new position in the ABC Advertising Agency. If she wants her interviewers to remember her best, according to the serial position effect, when should she be interviewed, in relation to the other 9 applicants?

A) fifth
B) fourth
C) seventh
D) tenth

Question 9

Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for the serial position effect?

A) anchoring
B) differential rehearsal patterns
C) interference
D) all of the above

Question 10

Recency effects can only be found for:

A) spatial memory
B) long -term personal memories
C) long-term skill retention
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 11

Ernie's car has an automatic transmission with the gear shift behind the steering wheel. Earlier today, however, he drove his mom's car, which has its automatic transmission gear shift on the floor of the car. As he tried to drive his mom's car out of her driveway, he reached for the gear shift behind the steering wheel, although it wasn't there. Ernie's behavior in this situation is illustrative of:

A) retroactive interference
B) proactive interference
C) anchoring
D) remote associations

Question 12

As a result of taking this test today, you are having a difficult time recalling the material you studied yesterday, for a test in tomorrow's calculus class. The memory deficit described here illustrates:

A) retroactive interference
B) proactive interference
C) anchoring
D) remote associations

Question 13

Response learning can be enhanced by:

A) rank-ordering response items
B) using non-meaningful response items
C) presenting the response as a word
D) all of the above

Question 14

Which of the following can influence the degree to which items in a paired-associate learning task become connected to one another?

A) prior knowledge
B) preexisting associations
C) cognitive elaboration
D) all of the above

Question 15

Smith gives his experimental subjects the words BOY and SKY to learn in a paired associate task. After presenting subjects with these two words, subjects must generate a sentence that uses both of the words. Dr. Smith's methodology is study the effect of which of the following processes on paired-associate learning?

A) S-R mapping
B) cognitive elaboration
C) prior knowledge
D) direction of associations

Question 16

When presented with the stimulus word "BASKET" and asked for a response, Jody replies "BALL." This response is typical of research looking into which aspect of paired-associate learning?

A) S-R mapping
B) cognitive elaboration
C) prior knowledge
D) direction of associations

Question 17

Enhanced recall for information presented in an earlier (as opposed to later) portion of a word list is referred to as:

A) the recency effect
B) the primacy effect
C) anchoring
D) paired-associate learning

Question 18

The existence of long-term memory can be said to be supported by the occurrence of:

A) the recency effect
B) the primacy effect
C) anchoring
D) paired-associate learning

Question 19

The existence of short-term memory can be said to be supported by the occurrence of:

A) the recency effect
B) the primacy effect
C) anchoring
D) paired-associate learning

Question 20

When studying for an upcoming debate for student body President at her high school, Mandy has 8 critical points that she wants to make. She mentally organizes these points into 31 different conceptual relationships (CRs), and then begins the debate. Her 3 opponents also have 8 points, each, to make, and they have organized their ideas accordingly: Josh-20 CRs; Jodi-22 CRs; James-15 CRs. According to the relationship construction hypothesis, who will most likely have the best memory for their critical points?

A) Mandy
B) Josh
C) Jodi
D) James

Question 21

The stimulus-response nature of learning can be seen most directly in which of the following memory tasks?

A) the serial position effect
B) proactive interference
C) anchoring
D) paired associate learning

Question 22

The occurrence of highly similar items on a paired-associate learning task tends to:

A) enhance one's generalization ability
B) enhance one's discrimination ability
C) inhibit one's generalization ability
D) lead to high amounts of retroactive interference

Question 23

The easier it is to associate information within the context of a paired-associate learning task means that one has learned the material in a better way (opposed to having difficulty forming associations).

Question 24

A group of children are presented with a list of 20 words that they are told to remember. Upon engaging in a free-recall task after the list is presented, which of the following children is likely to recall the most words?

A) Joe, a 10-year- old boy
B) Toni, an 8-year-old girl
C) Susan, a 5-year-old girl
D) Bob, a 5-year-old boy

Question 25

Which of the following groups of words has the highest chance of being recalled perfectly?

A) cat, automobile, phone, light, word
B) garbage, wood, television, basket, carpet
C) apple, orange, banana, pear, watermelon
D) all have equal chances of being recalled

Question 26

Which of the following is not an effect that organization has on memory?

A) directs memory search during recall
B) provides stronger primacy and recency effects
C) reduces one's memory load
D) influences the sequence in which items are recalled

Question 27

Recalling the words DOG, CAR, SNEAKER, BIKE, CAT, and SANDAL as "DOG, CAT, CAR, BIKE, SNEAKER and SANDAL" is an example of:

A) categorical clustering
B) subjective organization
C) associative clustering
D) matrix recall

Question 28

The idea that words from the same semantic category can be recalled together even if they were not presented as part of the same list is the core idea underlying:

A) categorical clustering
B) subjective organization
C) associative clustering
D) matrix recall

Question 29

Subjects is a memory experiment are presented with the following words to memorize: cat, automobile, phone, light, word, garbage, wood, television, basket, carpet, and apple. Joe, one of the subjects, remembers PHONE, TELEVISION, and CARPET, saying they go together well, while Kim, another subject, recalls PHONE, LIGHT, and APPLE, stating that she sees a pattern in these words. This differential recall can be attributed to:

A) categorical clustering
B) subjective organization
C) associative clustering
D) matrix recall

Question 30

Memories that are present in a given memory store are considered:

A) accessible
B) available
C) recognizable
D) recallable

Question 31

Memories that can be retrieved from a given memory store are considered:

A) accessible
B) available
C) amnesic
D) false

Question 32

Steve is trying to remember the name of his first-grade teacher, but he's having difficulty. He remembers that the teacher's name starts with an M, but that's all he can seemingly remember. Steve's problem is arising from a difficulty with:

A) accessibility
B) availability
C) false memories
D) all of the above

Question 33

Sue is asked to remember as many words from a previously studied list, and is given the word "ANIMALS" as a reminder. This type of task is best described as:

A) recognition
B) cued overload
C) anchoring
D) cued-recall

Question 34

Multiple-choice questions on an exam illustrate which type of questioning style?

A) recognition
B) cued overload
C) anchoring
D) cued-recall

Question 35

If you studied for an exam by preparing to simply recall definitions, then the principle of encoding specificity states that you should be questioned using questions of which type?

A) long essays
B) situation-based multiple choice
C) true or false
D) none of the above

Question 36

As you are sitting here taking this exam, and answering the questions, you can't remember exactly where you heard the answers, but they just seem to be the correct ones. This type of remembering is illustrative of:

A) remembering
B) encoding specificity
C) knowing
D) imagery mnemonics

Question 37

Explicit intrusions into implicit memory tasks can be minimized by:

A) using college students as experiment participants
B) using amnesic individuals as experiment participants
C) using a word-fragment task instead of free recall
D) using a free recall task instead of a word-fragment task

Question 38

Which of the following is not a characteristic of implicit learning?

A) it requires conscious awareness
B) learned information cannot be verbalized
C) it exists without the intention to learn
D) none of the above

Question 39

Mnemonics:

A) involve the use of strategies to enhance information encoding
B) require people to memorize individual letters that pertain to more complex ideas
C) assist in information retrieval
D) all of the above

Question 40

Joe remembers to buy his wife, Ann, an anniversary present because to word "anniversary" contains his wife's name. This type of memory aid is illustrative of:

A) the narrative story method
B) the method of loci
C) a peg-word system
D) the keyword method

Question 41

Placing a list of to-be-remembered items along a mental path, and then taking a walk to along the path to remember the items is the basic idea underlying which mnemonic device?

A) the narrative story method
B) the method of loci
C) a peg-word system
D) the keyword method

Question 42

Which of the following is not an essential component of a mnemonic system?

A) normal images are preferable over bizarre images
B) multiple items can be stored at individual mental locations
C) study and recall cues should match
D) items must be associated with cues during input

Question 43

What type of mnemonic is the peg word method?

A) keyword
B) imagery
C) tactile
D) implicit

Question 44

Bill has to take a final exam that will consist of long essays. The mnemonic device he should use to enhance his memory should be:

A) the keyword method
B) the narrative method
C) the method of loci
D) the peg-word system