Deck 7: Human Memory: Conceptual Approaches

Question 1

Which of the following is not a reason provided by Tulving as to why scientists propose
Multiple, and not a single, memory systems?

A) a multiple memory system lacks heuristic value
B) a multiple system is simpler to construct than a single system
C) there are specifics, and not generalities, about memory
D) the presence of dissociations suggest that multiple systems are involved in memory

Answer 1

a multiple memory system lacks heuristic value

Question 2

Which of the following is illustrative of a memory dissociation?

A) a group of young and old adults both recall information to form a classic serial position curve
B) a group of males recall more information, from a list of words, when compared to a group of females
C) a group of amnesic patients recall less information from long-term memory than a group of non-amnesics
D) none of the above

Answer 2

none of the above

Question 3

A double dissociation is said to occur when:

A) an experimental variable produces a different effect on one task, but not another
B) an experimental variable differentially affects performance on two or more tasks
C) an experimental variable produces no effect on two different tasks
D) none of the above

Answer 3

an experimental variable differentially affects performance on two or more tasks

Question 4

The occurrence of a dissociation automatically suggests that:

A) separate memory systems underlie performance
B) different memory abilities underlie task performance
C) different memory tasks have similar difficulties
D) none of the above

Question 5

The memory systems involved in Dual-Store theory are:

A) short-term and sensory
B) long-term and sensory
C) long-term and iconic
D) short-term and long-term

Question 6

Short-term memory and long-term memory are said to differ in terms of their:

A) capacities
B) coding forms
C) forgetting qualities
D) all of the above

Question 7

The displacement, replacement, and forgetting of information is most likely to occur within:

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory
C) implicit memory
D) procedural memory

Question 8

Joe is one of 20 individuals interviewing for a job. Joe would like to go last, as he feels that this position will keep him in his interviewers' short term memory, compared to the other applicants. Joe's positioning here is most directly related to:

A) the primacy effect
B) the recency effect
C) episodic memory
D) semantic memory

Question 9

Within a serial position curve, which effect reflects the operation of long-term memory?

A) the primacy effect
B) the recency effect
C) episodic memory
D) semantic memory

Question 10

The problems with patient H.M. involve:

A) the inability to form long-term memories
B) the inability to form short-term memories
C) the lack of a recency effect
D) impaired iconic memory

Question 11

You are asked "Who was the first president of the United States?" To answer this question, you would most likely have to retrieve information from:

A) short -term memory
B) semantic memory
C) episodic memory
D) procedural memory

Question 12

To tell someone what type of ice cream is your favorite flavor, you would have to access you ice cream preferences, which are most likely stored in:

A) short-term memory
B) semantic memory
C) episodic memory
D) procedural memory

Question 13

The finding that certain amnesiacs have impaired episodic LTM but preserved semantic LTM (or vice-versa) suggests that:

A) LTM is always damaged in amnesia
B) STM is not an important memory system
C) episodic and semantic LTM are distinct from one another
D) episodic and semantic LTM are really different processing modes of the same memory system

Question 14

Knowing something but not knowing where/how you learned it is a basic feature of:

A) source amnesia
B) episodic memory
C) semantic memory
D) explicit memory

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT known to produce memory loss?

A) electroconvulsive therapy
B) an unusual word appearing in the middle of a list of other words
C) the inducing of frustration in infants
D) none of the above

Question 16

The answer to which of the following questions would most likely involve activation of the mechanism(s) behind implicit memory?

A) "When did you graduate from high school?"
B) "What did you look like when you were younger?"
C) "What type of ice cream tastes better: vanilla or chocolate?"
D) none of the above

Question 17

Implicit Memory : Explicit Memory as Unconscious : :

A) Inactive
B) Indirect
C) Conscious
D) Retention

Question 18

A test that makes direct reference to a prior episode is most likely assessing:

A) incidental memory
B) implicit memory
C) working memory
D) explicit memory

Question 19

Mary's knowledge of how to drive a car is most likely originating from her:

A) explicit memory
B) procedural memory
C) episodic memory
D) semantic memory

Question 20

Jane, the coach of the Central High basketball team, is showing her team a film of their last game immediately before the take the court for their next game. Jane is seemingly encouraging the occurrence of:

A) repetition priming
B) the recency effect
C) episodic memory
D) semantic memory

Question 21

A common finding obtained when comparing the memory abilities of normal individuals to amnesics is:

A) the normals and amnesics have equal explicit memory skills
B) the amnesics have better implicit memory abilities than the normals
C) the normals and amnesics have equal implicit memory skills
D) the amnesics have better explicit memory abilities than the normals

Question 22

The contamination of an implicit memory test with explicit retrieval can be reduced by:

A) making sure subjects understand their implicit memory instructions
B) using subliminal presentations
C) using amnesia patients as subjects
D) using individuals below the age of 18 in experiments

Question 23

Which of the following can be taken as evidence that implicit memories arise from a different memory system than explicit memories?

A) performance on implicit and explicit tests are positively correlated
B) individual differences seem to affect explicit, but not implicit, abilities
C) experimental treatments tend to have equal effects on implicit and explicit memory
D) all of the above

Question 24

The intrusion of explicit awareness of test items within an implicit memory task is an effect that is only seen in individuals without amnesia.

Question 25

Episodic and semantic LTM have been suggested to be elements within:

A) declarative memory
B) non-declarative memory
C) working memory
D) implicit memory

Question 26

Which of the following is not a step in the Stage Model of memory?

A) storage
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) none of the above

Question 27

Failing to remember where you placed your car keys can be due to a deficit during:

A) storage
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) all of the above

Question 28

From a processing perspective, H.M.'s amnesia is said to stem from a problem with:

A) storage
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) all of the above

Question 29

Depth-of-Processing theory makes the assumption that there are how many memory systems?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) none

Question 30

Which type of processing would seemingly encourage a better level of understanding of a given topic?

A) maintenance
B) shallow
C) elaborate
D) episodic

Question 31

A student is sitting in class, writing down everything a teacher is saying, although the student doesn't seem to understand what is being said. This type of behavior is reflective of which type of processing?

A) maintenance
B) deep
C) elaborate
D) episodic

Question 32

If you wanted someone to remember the word "MINIVAN," which question, asked of a person, would encourage the deepest level of processing?

A) "How many letters are in the word?"
B) "How can the word be used in a sentence?"
C) "Does the word contain the letter "E"?"
D) "What letter does the word begin with?"

Question 33

Which of the following is not a criticism of depth-of-processing theory?

A) depth of processing does not necessarily lead to better memory
B) independent measures of depth are difficult to attain
C) defining "depth" can be difficult
D) none of the above

Question 34

Depth of processing ideas are never found in other approaches to memory.

Question 35

Encoding specificity argues that retrieval is enhanced when an encoding context in reinstated during retrieval. Which of the following processes proposes a similar notion?

A) incidental learning
B) elaborative processing
C) depth of processing
D) transfer appropriate processing

Question 36

The theory of transfer appropriate processing argues that implicit and explicit memories:

A) represent different types of processing within the same memory system
B) are different because the information in each is processed in different memory systems
C) are processed in identical manners, but in different memory systems
D) are not different in any way

Question 37

Connectionist networks attempt to model:

A) elaborative vs. shallow processing
B) the connections between short- and long -term memory
C) the manner in which information is processed at the neuronal level
D) none of the above

Question 38

In connectionist networks, the strength of a given connection is increased when:

A) hidden units adjust connection weights
B) back-propagation alters output
C) baseline levels of activity are reinstated
D) a connection between two units is repeatedly activated

Question 39

Errors arising within connectionist networks are corrected when:

A) hidden units adjust connection weights
B) activation thresholds are attained
C) baseline levels of activity are reinstated
D) a connection between two units is repeatedly activated

Question 40

The Rescorla-Wagner model provides a mathematical framework for explaining Pavlovian conditioning and demonstrates how a negatively accelerated learning curve is generated. A similar curve is illustrated within connectionist networks as a result of:

A) back propagation
B) hidden units
C) the delta rule
D) simultaneous unit activation

Question 41

Electroconvulsive therapy is said to disrupt:

A) retrograde amnesia
B) anterograde amnesia
C) memory consolidation
D) implicit memory formation

Question 42

Which of the following is most likely to involve an organic form of memory loss?

A) dissociative disorder
B) limited amnesia
C) Korsakoff's Syndrome
D) fugue

Question 43

Which of the following conditions is preventable?

A) dissociative disorder
B) limited amnesia
C) Korsakoff's Syndrome
D) all of the above

Question 44

John was in a car accident 2 weeks ago, and since then, his ability to retain new information as it is presented to him has been virtually nonexistent. John seems to suffer from:

A) retrograde amnesia
B) anterograde amnesia
C) Korsakoff's Syndrome
D) dissociative disorder

Question 45

Toni's mother has advanced Alzheimer's Disease, and she has forgotten virtually everything about Toni and her brother Tim. This type of memory loss could best be characterized as:

A) retrograde amnesia
B) anterograde amnesia
C) fugue
D) dissociative disorder

Question 46

Jane is unable to remember anything from a history course she completed 2 semesters ago, and she feels that this is due to the trauma she experienced during each class meeting because the professor reminded Jane of her abusive ex-husband. Jane's memory loss could be best characterized as:

A) retrograde amnesia
B) anterograde amnesia
C) limited amnesia
D) dissociative disorder

Question 47

Patient H.M. has the ability to acquire some new knowledge, although this ability is limited to:

A) episodic memories
B) semantic memories
C) motor skills
D) overall spatial memory

Question 48

Psychogenic amnesias result from:

A) damage to the hippocampus
B) a weakened diencephalon region of the brain
C) prolonged alcohol abuse
D) psychological trauma

Question 49

Which of the following is not at the center of an explanation behind psychogenic amnesia?

A) repression
B) dissociation
C) none of the above

Question 50

Bob has Capgras Syndrome, and is attending his high school reunion. John Smith, who was Bob's track coach for his 4 years in high school, approaches Bob to start a conversation. Which of the following reactions will Bob likely experience about his ex-coach?

A) recalling the sound of Smith's voice
B) remembering the precise years that Bob competed for coach Smith
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 51

The memory losses experienced by people suffering from misidentity disorders are not a result of any dementia-related conditions.

Question 52

Tom is sure that he has dated his current girlfriend, Sara, for a few weeks about 5 years ago. Sara, however, says that she had never met Tom before they started dating. Tom's "memory" concerning Sara is illustrative of:

A) source amnesia
B) cryptomnesia
C) limited amnesia
D) déjà vu

Question 53

Being able to discriminate real memories from imagined ones is referred to as:

A) cryptomnesia
B) anterograde amnesia
C) reality monitoring
D) déjà vu