Deck 10: Storage and Retrieval

Question 1

Evidence supporting the Permanent Memory Hypothesis can be seen in:

A) cases of recovered memories
B) retrieval of information via hypnosis
C) studies involving the electrical stimulation of the brain
D) all of the above

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

Penfield's work on the brain suggests that:

A) memories are stored in the same form as they originally occurred
B) memories are stored without specific details
C) memories of one's distant past can only be retrieved via electrical stimulation of the brain
D) electrically stimulating brain tissue causes memories stored in that tissue to be destroyed

Answer 2

memories are stored in the same form as they originally occurred

Question 3

Memories retrieved via electrical stimulation of the brain are believed to provide unquestionable support for the Permanent Memory Hypothesis.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The inability to recall information from LTM means that the information to-be-recalled no longer exists in LTM.

Question 5

Bahrick's research on very long term memories found that:

A) encoding failures can explain most long-term memory losses
B) recall rates were much higher than recognition rates
C) recognition rates were higher than recall rates
D) long-term memories over 25 years old are almost impossible to retrieve

Question 6

Research on long-term memory loss tends to yield forgetting curves that are conceptually to the forgetting curves obtained by Ebbinghaus.

A) similar
B) different
C) different for early items, similar for later items
D) similar for early items, different for later items.

Question 7

A person earning which of the following grades in a history course is likely to have the highest amount of recall of the course content years after finishing the course:

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 8

James is remembering his 10th birthday party, when he spilled milk all over his younger sister's head. The memory of this event was most likely retrieved from which memory system?

A) semantic
B) procedural
C) episodic
D) implicit

Question 9

Joanne looks at a four-legged creature scurrying across her basement floor and recognizes it as a mouse. This decision was most likely made from information retrieved from which memory system?

A) semantic
B) procedural
C) episodic
D) implicit

Question 10

Information regarding the specific behavioral patterns of French Poodles is likely to be found:

A) in episodic memory
B) at a subordinate level of semantic memory
C) at a superordinate level of semantic memory
D) in procedural memory

Question 11

If a typical person is told to "Name a type of bird," which of the following responses would be most likely to take the longest amount of time to be generated?

A) Robin
B) Pigeon
C) Penguin
D) all would have equal response latencies

Question 12

When retrieving the concept CAR, the concept SPEEDING TICKET is also retrieved. What is the name of the concept that most directly explains why these 2 ideas are recalled together?

A) priming
B) the fan effect
C) spreading of activation
D) procedural memory

Question 13

Adam is trying to remember information for his psychology exam, but similar information that he studied in sociology is also being retrieved, interfering with his thinking process. This interference is most similar to:

A) priming
B) the fan effect
C) spreading of activation
D) procedural memory

Question 14

Ever since his car accident, Joe has difficulty remembering what his friends do for a living, although he can remember their names. This dysfunction is evidence for:

A) the modularity of episodic memory
B) the modularity of semantic memory
C) the formation of an implicit memory
D) the validity of spreading of activation

Question 15

An early, but ultimately incorrect, approach to understanding the biology of memory was:

A) the modularity approach
B) long-term potentiation
C) the formation of memory molecules
D) all of the above

Question 16

An analogous type of spreading of activation that characterizes semantic networks is a central assumption of:

A) long-term potentiation
B) memory molecules
C) semantic modularity
D) electrical stimulation of the brain

Question 17

Memory Consolidation only occurs at a psychological, as opposed to a neural, level within humans.

Question 18

As Melanie sits in class paying attention to the new material being presented by her professor, this information, in its unconsolidated state, is likely being processed in which storage system?

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) implicit memory

Question 19

The material that Caitlin studied for an upcoming Biology exam would most likely be consolidated into long-term memory:

A) 15 minutes following her study period
B) 3 months following her study period
C) as she is studying it
D) 10 hours following her initial study period

Question 20

The impact that testing effects have on the recall of episodic information is illustrated by the notion of:

A) distinctiveness
B) encoding specificity
C) hypermnesia
D) all of the above

Question 21

To have the best chance of retrieving information during an exam, students should:

A) study the examples their teachers used in class
B) only study in a happy mood
C) create their own examples related to material that was presented in class
D) study in a room that is different from the room where they'll take their exam

Question 22

Encoding specificity refers to the idea that:

A) retrieval is enhanced when multiple recall attempts are made
B) retrieval is enhanced when retrieval cues are similar to encoding cues
C) retrieval is inhibited when retrieval cues are similar to encoding cues

Question 23

Since John drank 10 cups of coffee while studying for his chemistry exam, he drinks 10 more while taking the test in order reinstate the physiological state he was under while studying. This behavior suggests that John is a firm believer in:

A) distinctiveness
B) encoding specificity
C) hypermnesia
D) state dependent learning

Question 24

Whenever Julie is sad, she can only remember sad events. In these cases, Julie's memory ability seems to be based on:

A) mood-dependent memory
B) encoding specificity
C) hypermnesia
D) mood-congruent memory

Question 25

Not all scientists are convinced of the validity of encoding-retrieval paradigm effects because:

A) not all cues/states become connected to all targets
B) state-dependent effects are not always found in experiments investigating these effects
C) tests of recognition tend to not yield encoding-retrieval effects
D) all of the above

Question 26

While working at her desk, Mary remembers that it is her turn to cook dinner tonight. She then writes a quick reminder note to herself to stop by the supermarket on the way home to pick up some groceries to use for dinner. Mary's actions here are illustrative of:

A) encoding specificity
B) hypermnesia
C) spreading of activation
D) prospective memory

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT an example of prospective memory?

A) remembering that one has a dentist appointment next week
B) remembering that one has to pick up one's child from football practice tomorrow
C) remembering that you were sexually abused 15 years ago, as a child
D) none of the above

Question 28

The existence of partial retrieval is supported by effects.

A) tip-of-the-tongue and feeling-of-knowing
B) tip-of-the-tongue and prospective memory
C) feeling-of-knowing and prospective memory
D) tip-of-the-tongue, feeling-of-knowing, and prospective memory

Question 29

If you were presented with the words NURSE, SICK, LAWYER, and MEDICINE, and when asked to recall these words at a later time, which of the following words has the highest likelihood of being falsely recalled?

A) DOCTOR
B) SLEEP
C) MOUNTAIN
D) HOME

Question 30

False retrieval can be said to be a difficulty with:

A) prospective memory
B) encoding specificity
C) reality monitoring
D) none of the above

Question 31

Three groups of professors (from psychology, economics, and history) are in a room, taking part in a human memory experiment. All participants are first shown a list of important psychological concepts (for 5 minutes) and then come back to the lab an hour later to recall the terms as best they can. According to research with the DRM procedure, which group is most likely to make the most false recalls, including items on their recall list that were not initially presented?

A) the economics professors
B) the psychology professors
C) the history professors

Question 32

The brain responds to falsely-retrieved information in a manner simila to how it responds to accurately-recalled information.

Question 33

Which of the following individuals is least likely to retrieve a false memory?

A) a 40-year-old man
B) a 40-year-old woman
C) a 7-year-old girl
D) a 17-year-old boy

Question 34

Not remembering if a retrieved memory was for an event that was associated with an action you performed or a word you spoke is an example of a difficulty with:

A) metamemory
B) source memory
C) hypermnesia
D) prospective memory

Question 35

False memories can be established by:

A) engaging in accurate reality monitoring
B) having no procedural memory
C) having someone imagine that an event happened to them
D) all of to the above

Question 36

Imagination inflation refers to:

A) heightened reality monitoring
B) source memory
C) an increase in the perceived reality of a memory
D) a diminished capacity for prospective memory

Question 37

James witnessed a murder 2 years ago, and is now testifying at the suspect's murder trial. If the suspect's lawyer were to ask James questions that deliberately included information that never happened during the crime James witnessed, James's memory for the event:

A) will not be affected
B) will actually improve
C) can be altered
D) will be converted from an implicit memory to an explicit memory

Question 38

Postevent information:

A) never influences one's memory for an event
B) tends to enhance one's memory for an event
C) can retroactively interfere with an original memory
D) all of the above

Question 39

Post-event information can distort the recall of earlier-presented information because:

A) the original memory might no longer exist
B) the post-event information is suggested to be the correct information to recall
C) the initial material is less accessible than the post-event information
D) all of the above

Question 40

Kyle, a college student, is looking at a photo album, and sees a picture of himself (which he has seen before) when he was in elementary school. His mom tells him, however, that the picture is actually his father, when he was in elementary school. The next time Kyle sees the picture, he thinks "that's my dad when he was a little kid." What has just occurred to Kyle's memory of that picture?

A) it was repressed
B) consolidation
C) false retrieval
D) reconsolidation

Question 41

Individuals supporting the validity of recovered memories would agree with the idea that suppressed memories of past traumas are stored within the explicit memory system.

Question 42

Williams's (1994) work found that:

A) it is possible to forget a traumatic event
B) classical conditioning can explain repressed memories
C) most abuse victims store their traumatic memories in their implicit memory system
D) over 50% of abuse victims do not remember their abuse

Question 43

Flashbulb memories support the copy theory of memory, while the__________process suggests that memories might not involve such specific, direct retrieval of past events.

A) explicit memory
B) constructive
C) source memory
D) all of the above

Question 44

Bartlett's "War of the Ghosts" experiment found that:

A) schemas allow information to be recalled exactly as it was initially presented
B) women have stronger recall skills than men
C) the retrieval of information is marked by a reconstruction of general information about an event
D) people remember details about interesting stories, not general information

Question 45

Patricia can't seem to remember where she put her keys when she came home last night, and is now, frantically, trying to find them before leaving the house for work. To enhance her memory, Patricia should try which of the following memory search strategies?

A) thinking out loud
B) changing your perspective
C) decomposition
D) all of the above

Question 46

Thomas was recently involved in a motorcycle accident, which resulted in him damaging the frontal lobe of his brain. Which of the following abilities is likely to be impaired as a result of this injury?

A) forming new memories
B) engaging in automatic processing
C) developing implicit memories
D) searching through old memories

Question 47

"I need to buy my wife a gift for our anniversary next week." This statement illustrates

A) prospective memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) implicit memory