Deck 11: Spatial, Motor-Skill, and Implicit Learning

Question 1

Procedural knowledge involves:

A) autobiographical memory of specific events
B) the verbal recall of information
C) the facilitated performance of behavior
D) none of the above

Answer 1

the facilitated performance of behavior

Question 2

One argument for the implicit nature of procedural knowledge is that it is unconscious because:

A) it involves skills that are evolutionarily younger than older, more practiced skills
B) it involves skills that are evolutionarily older than younger, less practiced skills
C) people need implicit retrieval cues to access procedural memories
D) they are almost impossible to retrieve

Answer 2

it involves skills that are evolutionarily older than younger, less practiced skills

Question 3

Spatial memories tend to exist in only one form.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A rat learns to navigate a complex maze to get a piece of food. The argument can be made that:

A) the rat learned the correct responses in order to navigate the maze successfully
B) the rat learned to find the place where the food was located
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 5

Which of the following is the best characterization of route knowledge?

A) "Go north for 10 miles, then turn left at Main Street."
B) "When you get to the pizza restaurant, turn left."
C) "The courthouse is about 1 mile north of the police station."
D) all of the above

Question 6

Research on radial maze ability suggests that:

A) rats are only capable of forming simple stimulus-response representations of their environments
B) rats have the ability to form complex cognitive maps of their environments
C) rats do not demonstrate purposive behavior in mazes
D) none of the above

Question 7

Research on animals' behavior in water mazes provides evidence supporting the existence of:

A) STM
B) Working Memory
C) LTM
D) Procedural LTM

Question 8

Lesions to the hippocampus:

A) impair maze learning
B) do not affect maze learning
C) sometimes impair, but sometimes do not affect, maze learning
D) have not been studied in relation to maze learning

Question 9

Landmarks can be used to enhance:

A) survey -based spatial information
B) route-based spatial information
C) neither a nor b
D) both a and b

Question 10

The "normalization" of data that can occur when one uses schemas tends to________one's ability to recall information from a schema.

A) enhance
B) neutralize
C) distort
D) all of the above

Question 11

After practicing all summer long, Mary has finally learned how to make a baseball curve when she throws it. This ability can best be described as:

A) implicit learning
B) spatial learning
C) stimulus-response learning
D) motor skill learning

Question 12

Motor skill learning has qualities that make it illustrative of:

A) procedural learning
B) declarative memory
C) implicit learning
D) all of the above

Question 13

Tommy has been running the 1-mile race for his track team for the past 5 years. His best times in each of the past 5 years, respectively, have been 5:30, 5:02, 4:40, 4:30, and 4:25. Assuming his training proceeds according to plan, which of the following times should he be capable of running this year, according to the power law?

A) 3:59
B) 4:02
C) 4:23
D) 4:10

Question 14

The power law focuses on the relationship between motor skills learning and:

A) practice
B) feedback
C) motivation
D) strength

Question 15

When considering the nature of motor skill learning, massed practice is sometimes better that spaced practice.

Question 16

Louie spent 4 hours yesterday afternoon learning how to ride a new all-terrain vehicle, and had his competence tested over an obstacle course. He completed the course, but made 7 driving errors while on the course. After getting a good night's rest (and without additional driving practice), Louie returned to the course today and completed it with only 2 errors. This skill improvement is best referred to as:

A) implicit learning
B) practice independent learning
C) practice dependent learning
D) massed practice

Question 17

Janet is learning how to type, in the context of a single-session lab-based psychology experiment. To maximize typing performance in this context, the best type of feedback should be delivered how soon after each typing trial?

A) 1 minute
B) 1 hour
C) immediately
D) 10 minutes.

Question 18

The guidance hypothesis suggests that:

A) frequent feedback is the best way to improve motor skills
B) delayed feedback allows one to learn how to correct their own errors
C) delayed feedback inhibits motor skill learning
D) people can guide themselves when learning a motor skill--feedback is not necessary

Question 19

The beliefs and self-knowledge that individuals possess about what they've learned are central to:

A) metacognition
B) knowledge of results
C) practice-independent learning
D) implicit learning

Question 20

Implicit learning:

A) is the same as implicit memory
B) tends to be impaired in amnesics
C) involves unconscious learning of complex information
D) all of the above

Question 21

Which of the following tends to combine motor skill learning and implicit learning?

A) the serial reaction time procedure
B) artificial grammar learning
C) priming
D) all of the above

Question 22

The unintentional learning of rules, during artificial grammar learning tasks, occurs during which portion of the grammar learning task?

A) testing
B) memorization
C) serial reaction
D) none of the above

Question 23

Implicit learning ability:

A) can only be used in the context it was initially acquired
B) tends to be impaired in amnesiacs
C) can be transferred to new contexts
D) only involves motor skill ability

Question 24

The use of the mere exposure effect in the context of implicit learning ability:

A) allows for an indirect assessment of implicit learning ability
B) allows for a direct assessment of implicit learning ability
C) has not been found to be illustrative of implicit learning ability
D) none of the above

Question 25

The development of implicit memory ability requires less training than implicit learning ability.

Question 26

Huntington's and Alzheimer's patients show_______patterns of ability across different implicit tests of their knowledge.

A) identical
B) similar
C) different
D) none of the above--these individuals lose their implicit processing skills

Question 27

Which of the following notions concerning expertise tends to be disputed?

A) it is a function of practice
B) it is inherited
C) proper motivation to become am expert is essential
D) experts need to persevere in learning their specific skill

Question 28

Joe, a normal high school sophomore, has just started to learn how to play chess, although his goal is to become a world- class chess expert. Joe will most likely be able to attain this goal:

A) before he graduates from high school
B) some time during his college education
C) after he graduates from college
D) none of the above--either you are born with expert skills or you're not

Question 29

The 10-year rule applies to the amount of time it takes to:

A) develop implicit learning abilities
B) learn how to drive a car
C) become an expert in a given field
D) get to know someone well enough to marry them

Question 30

If one were to possess a gene for expert-level chess ability, that gene would likely control more than just chess-playing.

Question 31

If a gene was found to determine whether or not one could become a world-champion distance runner, if one did not have this gene, they might as well give up their desire to become such an elite runner.

Question 32

Which is the correct progression of Anderson's skill acquisition model?

A) declarative-procedural-transitional
B) declarative-transitional -procedural
C) procedural-declarative-transitional
D) procedural-transitional-declarative

Question 33

Understanding the basic facts of a given skill takes place during which stage of Anderson's skill acquisition model?

A) declarative
B) procedural
C) transitional
D) none of the above

Question 34

Professor Thomas has been teaching psychology for such a long period of time that she rarely uses lecture notes. All she needs to know is a general topic, and she can talk about that topic, accurately, for hours. Which stage of Anderson's skill acquisition model is she likely in?

A) declarative
B) procedural
C) transitional
D) none of the above

Question 35

The "vanishing cue" method seems to be an effective way of helping amnesics because it:

A) recovers previously-lost explicit memory abilities
B) recovers previously-lost implicit memory abilities
C) utilizes intact implicit abilities
D) utilizes intact explicit abilities

Question 36

The "vanishing cue" method is said to be similar to:

A) artificial grammar learning
B) serial reaction time learning
C) spatial memory
D) errorless discrimination learning

Question 37

Spatial memory can be enhanced by:

A) proper spacing of to-be-learned material
B) training until retrieval of one's critical information is automatic
C) generating to-be-learned material on one's own
D) all of the above

Question 38

In preparation for his psychologist's licensing exam, Henry organizes the seemingly endless set of information relevant to the exam by making it meaningful to him in many ways. Henry seems to be using_________to prepare for the exam.

A) skilled memory theory
B) the vanishing cue method
C) implicit learning
D) none of the above

Question 39

John wants to incorporate "active experiencing" into his study routine, allowing him to recall more information when he takes exams. Such a process would involve:

A) breaking large portions of information into smaller pieces
B) exercising while studying
C) finding some personal meaning in the studied information
D) forming vivid images of to-be-learned material