Deck 18: When Memories Age

Question 1

The standard model of systems consolidation applies to declarative and procedural memory.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

According to the standard model of systems consolidation, the hippocampus is only temporarily involved in the consolidation of episodic and semantic memories.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to the standard model of systems consolidation, damage to the hippocampus would not cause retrograde amnesia if it occurred weeks after the memory was consolidated.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Systems consolidation theory does not assume that repeated recall or repetition contributes to the memory becoming independent of the hippocampus.

Question 5

Most researchers agrees that the hippocampal component is critical for the initial acquisition and retrieval of episodic memories.

Question 6

Damage to the hippocampus prior to contextual fear conditioning produces severe amnesia for contextual fear memory.

Question 7

Damage to the hippocampus after contextual fear conditioning produces severe amnesia for contextual fear memory.

Question 8

Damage to the hippocampus after contextual fear conditioning has no effect on recall of the contextual fear memory.

Question 9

The animal research literature provides strong support for the standard model of systems consolidation.

Question 10

Based on the animal research using the contextual fear conditioning model, one should conclude that the standard model of systems consolidation is wrong.

Question 11

One interpretation of the animal literature is that the contextual fear conditioning model is inappropriate for evaluating the standard model because it does not depend on the pattern completion processes provide by the hippocampus.

Question 12

One can conclude from the animal research that there is a strong extrahippocampal system that can support contextual fear conditioning.

Question 13

There is no evidence that the extrahippocampal system acquires a contextual fear memory if the hippocampus is functioning normally at the time of conditioning.

Question 14

The extrahippocampal system acquires a contextual fear memory even if the hippocampus is functioning normally at the time of conditioning.

Question 15

Optogenetic but not DREADD methods revealed that a contextual fear memory is acquired by the extrahippocampal system even if the hippocampus is functioning normally at the time of conditioning.

Question 16

It requires about an hour for DREADDs to be activated.

Question 17

Optogenetics provides strong support for the idea that the contextual fear memory trace depends on the hippocampus for the life of the memory.

Question 18

According to competitive trace theory, episodic memories become more veridical as they age.

Question 19

According to competitive trace theory, episodic memories become distorted as they age.

Question 20

According to competitive trace theory, episodic memories become more semantic as they age.

Question 21

According to competitive trace theory, episodic memories become enriched with correct contextual details as they age.

Question 22

Competitive trace theory would predict that the veridicality of the memory would be preserved if the hippocampus was damaged after the memory was established.

Question 23

In their review of the human amnesia literature, Nadel and Moscovitch concluded that if the hippocampal system is severely damaged, there may be sparing of either remote or recent episodic memories.

Question 24

Damage to the hippocampus prior to contextual fear conditioning does not produce amnesia.

Question 25

What are the two critical assumptions in the standard model of systems consolidation?

Question 26

How does systems consolidation theory explain Ribot's law?

Question 27

What is procedural memory?

Question 28

A patient with damage to the hippocampus has extensive amnesia for both old and new memories. Is this evidence for or against the standard model? Briefly explain.

Question 29

What is the effect of damaging the hippocampus prior to contextual fear conditioning.

Question 30

What is a one general conclusion one could draw from the animal research centered on contextual fear conditioning?

Question 31

Why might the contextual fear model be inappropriate for evaluating the standard model of systems consolidation?

Question 32

What is the evidence that the extrahippocampal system acquires a contextual fear memory even if the hippocampus is functional at the time of conditioning?

Question 33

According to competitive trace theory, what does the hippocampus-neocortical interactions do to the memory as it ages?

Question 34

According to competitive trace theory, when are episodic memories most veridical?

Question 35

According to competitive trace theory, what should happen to the memory as it ages?

Question 36

According to the standard model of systems memory consolidation, older memory traces are stored in the _______.

Question 37

Systems consolidation refers to changes in the strength of the memory trace brought about by interactions between the _______ and neocortex.

Question 38

_______ is the process that initially forms the memory trace.

Question 39

Temporally graded retrograde amnesia following damage to the hippocampus would support the position known as _______.

Question 40

According to competitive trace theory memories become _______ as they age.

Question 41

Competitive trace theory would predict that the veridicality of the memory would be preserved if the _______ was damaged after the memory was established.

Question 42

According to the standard model of systems consolidation, which statement(s) is/are false? (Select all that apply.)

A) The hippocampus plays only a temporary role in consolidation.
B) Memories are permanently stored in the neocortex.
C) Memories are permanently stored in the hippocampus.
D) Disruptive events primarily impact the MTH system.
E) Procedural memory is not subject to systems consolidation.

Question 43

Which statement(s) is/are part of the standard model's explanation of Ribot's law?

A) Cortical neurons are more subject disruptive events that the hippocampus.
B) As memories age they no longer require the hippocampus.
C) Disruptive events primarily impact the neurons in the hippocampus.
D) Consolidation in the cortex depends on a functional hippocampus.
E) None of the above

Question 44

Clinical evidence _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) fully supports the standard model
B) indicates that complete damage to the medial temporal hippocampal system (MTH) spared old episodic memories
C) indicates that complete damage to the MTH produces amnesia for episodic memories regardless of their age
D) indicates that partial damage to the MTH spared episodic memories
E) None of the above

Question 45

Animal studies _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) permit control over the strength of the memory
B) permit control over when damage to the hippocampus occurs
C) indicate that old context fear memories are more resistant to complete damage to hippocampus than new memories
D) indicate that even new context fear memories can be retrieved without a hippocampus
E) None of the above

Question 46

According to the competitive trace theory of systems consolidation, _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) episodic memories become more veridical (more accurate) as they age
B) episodic memories can become distorted as they age
C) as memory ages contextual details associated with an event become lost or contaminated with false details
D) memory distortions can be the result of hippocampal-cortex interactions that occur over time
E) memories would remain more veridical over time if the hippocampus was damaged.