Deck 15: The Fate of Retrieved Memories

Question 1

Cue-dependent amnesia refers to the forgetting induced by the retrieval of another memory.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Cue-dependent amnesia refers to a phenomenon in which retrieving a memory returns it into a labile state that makes it vulnerable to disruption.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Memories are destabilized when their retrieval memory returns them to a state of vulnerability.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The age of a memory trace is the only determinant of its vulnerability.

Question 5

Retrieving or reactivating the memory always makes it stronger.

Question 6

Lewis discovered that all memories are vulnerable to disruption by electroconvulsive shock (ECS).

Question 7

Lewis discovered that reactivated memories are vulnerable to disruption by electroconvulsive shock (ECS).

Question 8

According to Lewis's active memory theory, remembering an old, consolidated memory will return it to an active state and make vulnerable to disruption.

Question 9

According to Lewis's active trace theory, both very new memories and retrieved memories are vulnerable to disruption.

Question 10

Nader discovered that when injected into the BLA following a reactivation treatment, anisomycin had no effect on the short-term memory test but did produce a large impairment on the long-term memory test.

Question 11

According to reconsolidation theory, retrieving a consolidated memory can unbind or destabilize the supporting synapses.

Question 12

According to active trace theory, retrieving a consolidated memory is enough to disrupt it.

Question 13

The loss of an anchoring scaffolding protein, such as PSD-95, plays a role in the disruption of reactivated memories.

Question 14

Destabilization of the memory trace is mediated by the ubiquitin proteasome system.

Question 15

As implied by the work of Karim Nader, inhibiting AMPA receptors should prevent memory destabilization.

Question 16

As implied by the work of Karim Nader, inhibiting NMDA receptors or the proteasome should prevent destabilization.

Question 17

Anisomycin's effects on retrieved memory depend on proteasome activity.

Question 18

If either NMDA receptors and vdCCs are antagonized, or the UPS system is inhibited, anisomycin will have no effect the reactivated memory trace.

Question 19

If the information contained in the retrieved memory matches the information contained in the test environment, the memory trace will be destabilized.

Question 20

A prediction error occurs when the information contained in the retrieved memory does not match the information contained in the test environment.

Question 21

The brain treats a reactivated memory as a novel experience, so it is modified/updated according to the new context.

Question 22

Erasing memories that associate environmental cues with taking a drug, such as cocaine, can prevent cravings and relapse.

Question 23

In order for repetition to strengthen the memory, the established trace must be destabilized.

Question 24

The memory-strengthening effect of repetition can be prevented by inhibiting the AMPA receptors.

Question 25

The memory-strengthening effect of repetition can be prevented by inhibiting the proteasome.

Question 26

Retrieving a memory depends on NMDA receptors.

Question 27

Retrieving a memory depends on AMPA receptors.

Question 28

Inhibiting AMPA receptors impairs the retrieval of the memory and its destabilization.

Question 29

Inhibiting NMDA receptors impairs the retrieval of the memory and its destabilization.

Question 30

According to integration theory, the amnesia produced when drugs like anisomycin are given after the memory is retrieved is due to a storage failure.

Question 31

The encoding specificity principle asserts that successful memory retrieval depends on a match between the retrieval cues and the environmental stimulation encoded into the engram.

Question 32

According to the encoding specificity principle, the absence of critical retrieval cues will enhance memory retrieval.

Question 33

According to the state-dependent learning view, internal states present at the time of a learning experience become part of the engram and need to be present in order to retrieve the memory.

Question 34

According to integration theory, the amnesia produced when drugs like anisomycin are given after the memory is retrieved is due to a retrieval failure.

Question 35

Cues associated with taking drugs are irrelevant to drug-addiction relapse.

Question 36

What is cue-dependent amnesia?

Question 37

What was Don Lewis' major discovery?

Question 38

According to the active state theory, there are two ways a memory trace can be put into the short-term active state. What are they?

Question 39

In the original Lewis reactivation experiment, there were four training conditions. What were they?

Question 40

List the key events that destabilize the synaptic basis of a memory trace, starting with glutamate release.

Question 41

What is the fundamental difference between reconsolidation theory and active trace theory?

Question 42

What is the role of anisomycin in reconsolidation theory?

Question 43

How does reactivating a memory destabilize the synapses associated with that memory?

Question 44

Does anisomycin have any effect on retrieved memories when the proteasome system is inhibited? Why is this finding important?

Question 45

Why should inhibiting the proteasome prevent anisomycin from impairing the memory for a retrieved memory?

Question 46

Cue-dependent amnesia refers to when _______ a memory returns it into a labile state that made it vulnerable to disruption.

Question 47

A brief reminder cue is sometimes called _______ treatment.

Question 48

According to _______ theory, retrieving a consolidated memory can destabilize the supporting synapses.

Question 49

According to Lewis all _______ memory traces are vulnerable to disruption

Question 50

Retrieving a memory depends on _______ receptors.

Question 51

Destabilizing a memory trace depends on _______ receptors.

Question 52

Inhibiting CaMKII should prevent _______.

Question 53

If the proteasome is inhibited the memory trace should not _______.

Question 54

If the proteasome is _______, repetition will not strengthen the memory.

Question 55

If NMDA, CaMKII, or the proteasome are inhibited, the memory trace should not _______.

Question 56

According to the _______ view, the internal state present at the time of a learning experience becomes part of the engram and needs to be present in order to retrieve the memory.

Question 57

According to integration theory, the amnesia produced when drugs are administered following a memory reactivation is due to a _______ failure.

Question 58

Inhibiting proteasome activity in the basolateral amygdala can protect memories from the effect of _______.

Question 59

A retrieved memory trace is restabilized by new _______.

Question 60

Cue dependent amnesia occurs when _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) the memory is retrieved
B) a cue fails to retrieve the memory
C) a retrieved memory is followed by a disrupting event
D) when the memory was never stored
E) None of the above

Question 61

Active trace theory assumes that _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) to be retrieved, a memory has to be in an active state
B) a retrieval cue can return the memory into an active state
C) memories in the active state are vulnerable to disruption
D) memories in the active state will become inactive
E) None of the above

Question 62

In a Lewis study, rats that received electroconvulsive shock (ECS) _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) and reactivation were impaired
B) and reactivation were not impaired
C) only were impaired
D) only were not impaired
E) None of the above

Question 63

According to the active trace theory, which statement(s) is/are false? (Select all that apply.)

A) Memories in the inactive state are less vulnerable to disruption.
B) Only novel experiences generate active memory traces.
C) Retrieving a memory will further consolidate it.
D) Retrieving a memory returns it to an active state.
E) None of the above

Question 64

According to reconsolidation theory, _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) retrieval weakens synaptic connections
B) retrieval initiates another round of protein synthesis
C) retrieval can disrupt consolidated memories.
D) reactivated memories do not require reconsolidation
E) None of the above

Question 65

According to reconsolidation theory, _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) anisomycin disrupts the retrieved memory.
B) anisomycin promotes reconsolidation of the memory trace.
C) protein synthesis is not necessary for reconsolidation.
D) reconsolidation depends only on post-translation modifications.
E) None of the above

Question 66

Which response(s) is/are not part of Nader's reconsolidation theory? (Select all that apply.)

A) Active memories are vulnerable to disruption.
B) Retrieval unbinds the memory trace.
C) Retrieval initiates a new round of protein synthesis.
D) Retrieved memories depend on the synthesis of new protein to be consolidated.
E) None of the above

Question 67

Which statement(s) is/are false? (Select all that apply.)

A) Memory retrieval can activate the ubiquitin proteasome system.
B) Ubiquitin can tag scaffolding proteins.
C) Ubiquitin degrades protein.
D) Blocking the proteasome can prevent the need for reconsolidation.
E) None of the above

Question 68

If the proteasome is inhibited just prior to memory reactivation, _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) the retrieved memory will require new protein to be established
B) the memory trace will be destabilized
C) the memory trace will not be destabilized
D) new protein will be required to prevent cue-dependent amnesia
E) None of the above

Question 69

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Trace destabilization enhances the effect of repetition on memory
B) Trace destabilization initiates protein synthesis
C) Trace destabilization opens a temporal window during which the trace can be modified
D) βlac, which inhibits proteasome activity, prevents destabilization
E) None of the above

Question 70

To explain cue-dependent amnesia produced by anisomycin, integration theory assumes that _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) drugs destroy internal state cues
B) retrieval is best when the retrieval cues match the stimuli present at the time of training
C) cue-dependent amnesia is due to a retrieval failure
D) internal state cues produce by a drug become part of the retrieval cue complex
E) None of the above