Deck 15: Moral Development

Question 1

According to Piaget's theory, a child who judges an act according to the intent of the actor rather than the scale of the damage caused is defined as:

A)Prescient
B)Egocentric
C)Self centered
D)A moral subjectivist
E)Preconscious

Answer 1

A moral subjectivist

Question 2

According to Piaget's theory, moral realism is:

A)Associated with religiosity
B)Irrational
C)Predominant during the formal operational stage
D)A trait of preoperational thinking
E)Common among adults

Answer 2

A trait of preoperational thinking

Question 3

In Piaget's stories about moral dilemmas, children below 6 or 7 years tended to judge the relative naughtiness of two protagonists according to:

A)The same criterion that adults adhere to
B)The culpability of the protagonists
C)Level of disobedience
D)The scale of damage caused
E)The intentions and purpose of the protagonists

Answer 3

The scale of damage caused

Question 4

According to Piaget, ______ is related to egocentrism.

A)Moral realism
B)Moral subjectivism
C)Judging actions according to intentions
D)Bullying
E)Disobedience

Question 5

Leon (1984) found a relationship between moral realism and:

A)Whether or not the child's school has lessons on moral codes of conduct
B)Rebuking Naughty Teddy according to the scale of damage he caused
C)Parental punishment administered according to the scale of damage caused
D)Choosing a photograph of one's own view in the Three Mountains task
E)Stage 1 in Kohlberg's account of moral development

Question 6

In Piaget's moral stories, information about the protagonist's intent appears at the beginning of the story and information about the scale of damage caused appears at the end. Why does that matter?

A)There is no reason why it should matter
B)Young children might give answers that are biased by a recency effect
C)Children have a better memory for the first part of the story
D)The sequence of events in the story leads children to think that they have to give an answer based on information presented right at the end
E)Because the structuring of information is quite different from the typical format of a children's story

Question 7

Wimmer et al. (1982) developed moral stories that varied the relation between:

A)Scale of damage caused and intent of the protagonist
B)Effort and outcome
C)The children's memory for information and the kind of judgment they made
D)Whether or not children were coded as moral realists and the kind of judgment they made
E)Moral realism and egocentrism

Question 8

The results reported by Wimmer, Wachter, and Perner (1982) suggest that children aged 4 to 6 years of age:

A)Wanted to keep all the cookies for themselves
B)Allocated reward according to the amount of effort put into the task
C)Refused to allocate any reward
D)Allocated reward in an ad hoc way that was related to neither effort nor outcome
E)Allocated reward according to the outcome of action

Question 9

Nicholls (1978) criticized Piaget's moral stories on the grounds that:

A)Young children misunderstood the test question
B)Young children have poor memory, especially for information presented at the beginning of the story
C)The link between intention and outcome is obscure
D)Young children could not empathize with a scenario about middle-class Switzerland in the 1920s
E)The fixed ordering of information in the stories is a confound

Question 10

When moral stories ______, as in Yuill and Perner (1988), then young children are much less likely to answer as a moral realist.

A)Have props to aid memory retrieval
B)Have no information about outcome
C)Render intentions more salient
D)Engage the participants
E)Are followed by clear questions

Question 11

According to Kohlberg's theory, a person who breaks the law to save a life is:

A)At Stage 2 in his or her level of moral reasoning
B)Immoral
C)Morally retarded
D)Immature
E)Morally advanced

Question 12

Kohlberg's Level 1 is called:

A)Preoperational
B)Postconventional morality
C)Moral realism
D)Egocentric
E)Preconventional morality

Question 13

Kohlberg's Level 1 coincides with Piaget's:

A)Thoughts on the Naughty Teddy experiment
B)Concrete operational stage
C)Moral subjectivism
D)Theory about nonconservation
E)Preoperational stage

Question 14

In Kohlberg's moral dilemma story, what did Heinz do?

A)Tell lies about his wife's illness
B)Murder the shop keeper
C)Steal the drug
D)Borrow a huge sum of money
E)Call the police

Question 15

According to Kohlberg, how do we diagnose a person's moral level?

A)It depends on whether they answer correctly or incorrectly
B)It depends on how they justify their answer to the question
C)There really is no way of telling
D)The person gives a self-diagnosis
E)It depends on their emotional reaction to the story

Question 16

Kohlberg's Stage 4 is characterized by:

A)Seeking approval from figures in authority
B)Over-dependence on rules and laws
C)Morality is linked exclusively with reward and punishment
D)Morality is understood in an instrumental way
E)A willingness to venture beyond laws and focus instead on universal principles

Question 17

With respect to Kohlberg's stage theory, which of the following is FALSE?

A)There are 3 levels
B)It is not possible to skip a stage
C)There are 6 stages
D)Sometimes people regress to a lower stage
E)Not everybody reaches the top of the hierarchy

Question 18

Arguably, Kohlberg's theory is biased toward ______ society in which the rights, freedom, and independence of the individual are highly valued.

A)Inner-city
B)Eastern
C)Hunter-gatherer
D)Western
E)Collectivistic

Question 19

Nunner-Winkler and Sodian (1988) found that children aged 8 years predicted that a child who managed to obtain some yummy sweets by stealing would:

A)Feel bad
B)Feel good
C)Become sick through eating too much
D)Get arrested
E)Share the sweets

Question 20

Hoffman (1970) pointed out that the foundations for prosocial behavior are laid in infancy when, for example, babies ______ when another baby cries.

A)Laugh
B)Cry
C)Offer comfort
D)Become mute
E)Alert an adult

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of a violated social convention?

A)Using photocopied bank notes to buy clothes
B)Hitting a person when they have insulted you
C)Drinking alcohol
D)Eating insects
E)Taking another person's pen when they are not looking and keeping it for yourself

Question 22

Helwig and Turiel (2002) found that children as young as ______ years make a distinction between moral principles and social conventions.

A)7
B)6
C)5
D)4
E)3

Question 23

According to Hoffman's theory, from about the age of 10 years children begin to understand the:

A)Rights of people
B)Needs of the individuals
C)Plight of groups
D)Social conventions
E)Fundamental moral principles

Question 24

Eisenberg et al. (1990) discovered that when 4-year-olds witness another child in distress they:

A)Are affected on a physiological level
B)Are unaffected
C)Go to their mother for comfort
D)Run away
E)Complain