Deck 5: Skeletal Health and Cancer

Question 1

Which characteristic of bone confers its adaptive potential?

A) That it combines 'strength with lightness'
B) Its capacity for remodelling
C) The open structure of trabecular bone
D) The dense, ivory-like nature of cortical bone

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following statements is a correct definition of osteoporosis?

A) Bone mineral density between 1 and 2.5 standard deviations below the mean for a young adult woman
B) Low bone mineral density attributable to sub-optimal bone growth in childhood and adolescence
C) A skeletal disorder characterised by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with consequent increase in fragility and susceptibility to fracture
D) An accelerated rate of bone loss

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is not thought to be a determinant of bone's adaptive response to loading?

A) Overload in the number of strain cycles to which it is exposed
B) Loading-induced strain magnitude that exceeds 'normal' strains
C) Exposure to an unusual distribution of strains
D) The stage of the remodelling cycle that prevails at the time of loading

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following approaches to cross-sectional studies of the influence of exercise training on bone offers the best opportunity to control for influences other than exercise?

A) Side-to-side comparisons in participants in racket sports
B) Athletes versus non-athletes
C) Swimmers versus participants in weight-bearing sports
D) Young versus older athletes

Question 5

Which of the following statements comprises a correct summary of the effect of exercise on the skeleton in postmenopausal women?

A) Mainly conservation of bone
B) Modest bone accrual
C) Reduction of the rate of loss
D) Increased bone mineral density at the site of loading

Question 6

Which of the following is not a characteristic of cancerous cells?

A) Carry on reproducing
B) Stay immature
C) Do not obey signals from neighbouring cells
D) Self-destruct if damaged

Question 7

Which of the following has not been advanced as a systemic mechanism that might account for the inverse relationship between physical activity and the risk of cancer?

A) Lower concentrations of circulating insulin
B) Enhanced immunosurveillance
C) Decreased bowel transit time
D) Improved weight regulation

Question 8

Which of the following statements is the most accurate summary of the evidence linking physical activity to a reduced risk for colon cancer?

A) It is consistent across leisure time and occupational physical activity and across different study designs
B) Studies using colorectal cancer as the outcome measure have consistently found a strong, inverse link between level of physical activity and risk
C) Occupational, but not leisure-time, physical activity is inversely associated with risk of colon cancer
D) The inverse relationship between physical activity and risk for colon cancer is eliminated after controlling for known confounders

Question 9

Comparing the most active women with the least active, the relative risk for breast cancer is typically around:

A) 0.3
B) 1.2
C) 0.6
D) 0.9

Question 10

Which of the following is the most accurate description of current exercise recommendations for cancer survivors?

A) 120-150 min week⁻¹ of moderate-intensity aerobic training spread over 3-5 days and resistance training on at least two days per week
B) 225-420 min week⁻¹ of moderate-intensity aerobic activity
C) 150-300 min week⁻¹ of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75-150 min week⁻¹ of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity
D) 60 min day⁻¹ of moderate-intensity aerobic training