Deck 11: When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Get Together

Question 1

Name and describe the different groups of people included in the diffusion of innovation model. When it comes to sustainable behavior change, where do you see yourself fitting into this model, and why?

Answer 1

No Answer

Question 2

Which of the following is false about mission and vision statements that explicitly address sustainability?

A)They are not a guarantee of sustainable behavior among members of the organization.
B)They are appropriate for business and educational organizations, but not really for other organizations.
C)They communicate the injunctive norm that the organization endorses sustainability.
D)They are a critical step toward fostering an organizational culture that supports sustainability.

Answer 2

They are appropriate for business and educational organizations, but not really for other organizations.

Question 3

Which of the following is a good method for evaluating the effectiveness of a Community Based Social Marketing program?

A)quasi-experimentation in the field
B)correlational studies in the field
C)experimentation in the lab
D)correlational studies in the lab

Answer 3

quasi-experimentation in the field

Question 4

From a Community Based Social Marketing perspective, for a benefit of a sustainable behavior to be motivating, it must

A)have a positive impact on health or social status.
B)benefit both the planet and the person.
C)be perceived as a benefit by the target audience.
D)All of the above.

Question 5

Which is the most effective strategy for promoting sustainable behavior when the benefits of the behavior are high, but so are the barriers to the behavior?

A)Reduce the barriers
B)Provide modeling and establish social norms
C)Offer rewards and other incentives
D)Utilize information, prompts, and feedback

Question 6

In high benefit-high barrier situations, people's motivation to behave sustainably

A)is usually lacking because of the barriers.
B)is likely present, but may be undermined by barriers.
C)is usually high because people are spurred on by challenge.
D)tends to be very low because costs are more salient than benefits.

Question 7

Information, prompts, and feedback are especially effective influences for promoting sustainable behavior when

A)barriers are high and benefits are low.
B)barriers are low and benefits are high.
C)both barriers and benefits are high.
D)both barriers and benefits are low.

Question 8

Rewards and other incentives are especially effective influences for promoting sustainable behavior when

A)barriers are high and benefits are low.
B)barriers are low and benefits are high.
C)both barriers and benefits are high.
D)both barriers and benefits are low.

Question 9

Modeling and social norms are especially effective influences for promoting sustainable behavior when

A)barriers are high and benefits are low.
B)barriers are low and benefits are high.
C)both barriers and benefits are high.
D)both barriers and benefits are low.

Question 10

Community Based Social Marketing targets

A)environmental attitudes
B)barriers to, and benefits of, sustainable behavior
C)environmentally relevant values
D)All of the above.

Question 11

Which of the following is false about changing habits?

A)Changing habits requires change contingencies.
B)Most of the time, people are fairly oblivious to their habits because they are automatic behaviors.
C)It is easiest to change habits when following a regular, predictable, familiar routine.
D)Habit change can be enabled periods of life transition that alter the antecedents in people's routines.

Question 12

Which of the following is false about the use of heuristics to guide sustainable behavior?

A)Development of new heuristics is an automatic process that does not require conscious, analytical thinking.
B)Product certifications can be a useful heuristic for shopping more sustainably.
C)The ecological principles discussed in Chapter 3 can serve as heuristics for daily decisions.
D)A useful heuristic is to view every decision as an opportunity to behavior more sustainably.

Question 13

When a person in a leadership position (e.g., CEO, team captain, club president) provides opportunities and support for sustainable behavior change among members of the organization, that person is exercising

A)legitimate power
B)referent power
C)expert power
D)transformational power.

Question 14

If you act as a reliable source of information about sustainable behavior for your friends, family, and acquaintences, you are exercising

A)legitimate power
B)referent power
C)expert power
D)transformational power.

Question 15

The most effective leaders are ones who garner the respect and admiration of their followers. When they do, they are said to hold

A)legitimate power
B)referent power
C)expert power
D)transformational power.

Question 16

For sustainability to be a reality, it is essential that individuals actively participate in public dialog and political action. Why is civic participation essential (i.e., why aren't personal lifestyle changes sufficient)? What are examples of ways you could engage in such participation in your own community?

Question 17

The text claims that anyone can become a transformational leader. Imagine yourself as such a leader in your campus community. Choose a relevant sustainable behavior and describe how you could promote it using the methods that characterize transformational leadership.

Question 18

Choose an environmentally responsible behavior on your campus and describe how Community Based Social Marketing (CBSM) could be used to promote it. Organize your description according to the five basic steps of CBSM.

Question 19

The text suggests that people ""look at each decision we make as an opportunity to improve our ecological footprint."" Consider a typical weekday in your life. Where do such opportunities arise for you?

Question 20

What are some things you can do to foster your own resilience in the face of the challenges associated with working for a sustainable future?

Question 21

How is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) lacking as a measure of societal wellbeing? Describe two alternative progress indicators and how they are superior to the GDP.

Question 22

Positive psychologists focus on what factors help people thrive. Name and describe four qualities positive psychologists say help people thrive in the face of challenge, such as responding to climate change.

Question 23

Which of the following is false about opinion leaders in the diffusion of innovation model?

A)They are found among the early adopters.
B)They tend to be more integral to the system than innovators.
C)They use both expert and referent power to influence others.
D)Their level of success is positively correlated with the size of their social networks.

Question 24

In the diffusion of innovation model, the people who model enthusiastic support for the idea and spread this enthusiasm among their social networks are called

A)innovators
B)early adopters
C)the early majority
D)the mainstream

Question 25

In the diffusion of innovation model, the bold and imaginative people who get the ball rolling are called

A)innovators
B)early adopters
C)the early majority
D)the mainstream

Question 26

Community Based Social Marketing identifies community leaders who exhibit

A)referent power
B)expert power
C)both A and B
D)neither A nor B

Question 27

Which of the following evolved tendencies must be overcome if people are to behave sustainable?

A)acting in self interest
B)status seeking
C)focusing on the present
D)None of the above must be overcome.

Question 28

Efforts to move people in a sustainable direction are likely to be ____________ if they __________ people's evolved tendencies.

A)unsuccessful; don't challenge
B)successful; challenge
C)successful; harness
D)unsuccessful; play int

Question 29

Political engagement is essential to foster sustainability because personal behaviors are significantly constrained by societal infrastructure.

Question 30

People are either born transformational leaders or they are not.

Question 31

How motivated people feel to adopt a new sustainable behavior depends on the perceived benefits of, and barriers to, that behavior.

Question 32

Community Based Social Marketing can be used by communities of all sizes and types.

Question 33

Not all ""green"" product labeling is legitimate.

Question 34

People's evolved predisposition to seek status will always present a barrier to sustainable behavior.

Question 35

People's evolved predisposition to act in self-interest will always present a barrier to sustainable behavior.

Question 36

Small steps may be easier to take, but only big steps will move us toward sustainability.

Question 37

A green economy promotes social welfare.

Question 38

The way the Gross Domestic Product is calculated in the U.S. means that the labor involved with oil spill cleanup is considered a benefit to the economy, rather than a cost incurred for doing unsustainable business.

Question 39

Efforts to promote sustainable behavior will be most successful if they draw on positive feelings like optimism and compassion.

Question 40

The United States' consitution is among the 98 worldwide that recognize a healthy environment as a basic right.

Question 41

Followers are as important as leaders in any movement for social change.

Question 42

Positive psychologists say people are most able to thrive in the face of challenge when they experience ______________, compassion, purpose, and resilience.

A)urgency
B)agency
C)leniency
D)buoyancy

Question 43

When faced with seemingly insurmountable challenges, it is useful to break big problems down into small steps. Which of the following is not a reason why this is a good strategy?

A)Tackling small day-to-day things keeps our minds off of the looming big stuff.
B)Incremental challenges are immediate and tangible enough to engage people, but don't overwhelm them.
C)Defining problems incrementally keeps arousal in the optimal moderate range-- not too low, not too high.
D)Small wins offer intermittent bursts of success that are reinforcing, and thus motivating.

Question 44

Which of the following is not one of the strategies recommended in the text's discussion of harnessing human nature to encourage sustainability?

A)Leverage Moments of Calm
B)Develop New Heuristics
C)Go with the Evolutionary Flow
D)Act on Big Ideas via Small Steps

Question 45

Which of the following is not one of the strategies recommended in the text's discussion of pursuing a positive path to sustainability?

A)Visualize an Ecologically Healthy World
B)Use Meaningful Metrics
C)Foster Resilience
D)Work Independently

Question 46

Which of the following is not among the factors that promote resilience discussed in the text?

A)humor
B)social support
C)disengagement
D)civility

Question 47

Which of the following is falseregarding the green economy?

A)The green economy includes many environmentally-related jobs that have been around for a long time but are now in higher demand.
B)The green economy excludes occupations that are not traditionally associated with the environment.
C)The green economy has generated over 90 completely new careers due to changing needs, technologies, and systems.
D)The green economy encompasses both public sector and private sector occupations.

Question 48

The Sustainable Society index was created to measure countries' performance in a variety of social and environmental domains. The United States was ranked _______ out of 151 countries.

A)3rd
B)68th
C)116th
D)last

Question 49

Ecological hazards such as an oil spill cleanup or permanent loss of wetlands due to construction would ________ the Gross Domestic Product and ________ the Genuine Progress Indicator.

A)raise; also raise
B)raise; lower
C)lower; raise
D)lower; also lower

Question 50

Which of the following is not a progress indicator that takes into account ecological wellbeing?

A)The Gross Domestic Product
B)The Genuine Progress Indicator
C)The Happy Planet Index
D)The Sustainable Society Index

Question 51

Which of the following is false about the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) benchmark?

A)It is currently the sole measure of societal wellbeing in the U.S.
B)It fails to subtract the costs of environmental damage from the calculation.
C)It measures subjective wellbeing combined with objective data on life expectancy.
D)It hides the environmental costs of consumption.

Question 52

Transition towns illustrate the power of _____________ to promote sustainability.

A)positive visualization
B)policies, regulations, and laws
C)economic downturns
D)family values

Question 53

When people experience a sense of agency, they feel

A)empowered
B)responsible
C)efficacious
D)all of the above

Question 54

Sustaining life on the planet will require substantial changes at both personal and societal levels.