Deck 10: Healing the Split Between Planet and Self

Question 1

Which of the following is not an example of a neotenous feature?

A)wide smile
B)big eyes
C)high forehead
D)small nose

Answer 1

wide smile

Question 2

Which of the following is false regarding research on restorative benefits of nature?

A)People are not innately drawn to environments that are likely to be restorative for them.
B)Research evidence is mixed when it comes to the restorative effects of indoor plants.
C)Pphotographs of nature can reduce stress, improve mood, and relieve mental fatigue.
D)A natural view out a window can benefit physical and mental health.

Answer 2

People are not innately drawn to environments that are likely to be restorative for them.

Question 3

What is the primary difference between the two dominant theories about restorative environments?

A)They emphasize different features of settings that are likely to be restorative.
B)They describe ""restoration"" differently.
C)One proposes that natural settings are restorative for evolutionary reasons and the other rejects this idea.
D)There are no differences between them besides terminology.

Answer 3

They describe ""restoration"" differently.

Question 4

The results of experiments in which participants engage in cognitively demanding tasks before seeking restoration in nature provide support for

A)Attention Restoration Theory
B)the psycho-evolutionary theory
C)both A and B
D)neither A nor B

Question 5

The results of experiments in which participants are subject to stressful manipulations before seeking restoration in nature provide support for

A)Attention Restoration Theory
B)the psycho-evolutionary theory
C)both A and B
D)neither A nor B

Question 6

Which of the following is false regarding research on the restorative effects of nature for children with attention deficit disorders?

A)Surveyed parents report their children's symptoms are less severe after spending time outdoors.
B)Clinical trials have clearly established that time in nature is effective for reducing attention deficit symptoms.
C)In general, the research results suggest that time in nature may serve as an alternative to drug therapies for attentional disorders.
D)Experiments suggest time in nature restores attentional capacity for these children.

Question 7

Which of the following is false about wilderness therapy?

A)There is no standard model for wilderness therapy.
B)Wilderness therapy is most commonly used with teenagers suffering from emotional and behavioral problems.
C)Although empirical evidence supports the effectiveness of wilderness therapy, it is unclear what specific aspects of the therapy are helping clients.
D)Most of the empirical evidence for the effectiveness of wilderness therapy comes from field experiments.

Question 8

Wilderness therapy is proposed to be helpful for all of the following groups except

A)Children with attention deficit disorders.
B)Women recovering from abuse.
C)Military veterans struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder.
D)Teenagers with emotional and behavioral problems.

Question 9

Ecotherapy is a term used to describe

A)all nature-assisted therapies.
B)therapy to help people deal with psychological distress caused by the ecological crisis.
C)therapy that reconnects the client with the ecological unconscious as a way to treat traditional psychological problems such as depression and anxiety.
D)The term ""ecotherapy"" is used to describe all of the above.

Question 10

Which of the following potentially restorative characteristics of natural settings has received the most attention from researchers?

A)ambient temperature
B)visual features
C)background sounds
D)air quality

Question 11

Which of the following is false about restorative environments?

A)In general, people perceive wilder spaces as more restorative than tended spaces.
B)Visually complex scenes are generally perceived as more restorative than visually simple ones.
C)For a natural setting to be restorative, it must include green foliage.
D)Several preferred landscape characteristics, such as water, are associated with restorative effects.

Question 12

Which of the following is false regarding people's attachment to nonhuman animals.

A)When surveyed, pet owners reported that relationships with their pets were more secure than relationships with their romantic partners.
B)Although humans clearly become emotionally attached to animal companions, this attachment does not extend to robotic animals.
C)People's bereavement when an animal dies can be just as significant as when a loved human dies.
D)When surveyed, pet owners reported that animals companions were as good, or better, than humans at providing emotional support.

Question 13

Research on people's interactions with the robot dog AIBO revealed that

A)Preschoolers were much more affection toward a real dog than toward the robot dog.
B)Artificial life forms inspire all the same emotions and behaviors in people as living creatures do.
C)The majority of children who interacted with AIBO said they could be friends with it.
D)All of the above.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of an operational definition of nature?

A)wilderness
B)a photograph of a plant
C)a view through a window
D)All of these are examples of operational definitions of nature.

Question 15

Which of the following is not accurate with regard to the results of research on the benefits of contact with nature?

A)To be beneficial, humans' contact with nature must involve some sort of physical interaction.
B)In some studies, simulated nature has proven more beneficial than no nature.
C)Humans benefit from contact with many varieties of nature.
D)Humans derive multiple benefits from contact with nature.

Question 16

Which of the following is false about Vitamin D deficiency?

A)This nutritional deficiency is caused primarily by lack of exposure to sunlight.
B)Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of schizophrenia.
C)The majority of teens and adults in the U.S. are deficient in Vitamin D.
D)The use of sunscreen does not contribute to Vitamin D deficiency.

Question 17

Given recent research on the body's gut microbiome, a good prescription for mental health would be to

A)get more sunlight exposure.
B)carefully wash produce to remove soil bacteria.
C)routinely use antibacterial soaps.
D)dig in the dirt with bare hands.

Question 18

Which of the following has not been shown empirically to improve mental health and functioning?

A)exposure to sunlight
B)ingestion of soil bacteria
C)spending time in natural settings
D)All of these have been shown to improve mental health.

Question 19

Restorative environments are ones that do all of the following except

A)replenish attentional capacity.
B)promote restful sleep.
C)relieve mental fatigue.
D)relieve stress and negative emotions.

Question 20

Which of the following is false about mental health practicioners who practice ecotherapy?

A)They tend to be located primarily in large metropolitan areas.
B)They are in the minority among their fellow mental health practitioners.
C)They tend to hold a worldview consistent with the New Ecological Paradigm.
D)They are likely to have had significant life experiences in nature.

Question 21

Which of the following is false about the term nature-deficit disorder?

A)It describes the negative effects when children miss out on critical experiences in nature during their development.
B)It describes a phenomenon that is on the rise in the industrialized world.
C)It is an official diagnostic category in the DSM-V.
D)The deficit it describes are both mental and physical.

Question 22

Which of the following best describes the concept of the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA)?

A)EEA refers to the specific time period during which human evolution culminated.
B)EEA refers to a set of conditions to which humans are currently best adapted.
C)EEA refers to what would be the ideal environment for humans to create for themselves.
D)EEA refers to the the environments that have, and continue, to shape human evolution.

Question 23

What are organic and vernacular architecture? How are the biophilic versions of these approaches different than their predecessors?

Question 24

How do the place attachment concepts of soliphilia and solistalgia relate to ecological concern?

Question 25

in their studies on the benefits human derive from contact with nature, how do psychological researchers operationally define nature and how do they operationally define contact?

Question 26

What are restorative environments, and what are their typical characteristics? Describe the two leading theories about why some natural settings are restorative?

Question 27

Why might experiences in nature be essential for optimal child development? Describe the theoretical basis for the idea that natural environments contain features that uniquely support development.

Question 28

What features do natural play settings have that built play settings lack? How is children's play in natural settings different than their play in built settings?

Question 29

More than ever, children are spending their time indoors preoccupied with electronic technology. Describe how the growing phenomenon of ""indoor children"" may be negatively affecting human health, growth, and development. How do the effects on children also pose a threat to planetary wellbeing?

Question 30

Describe the concept of environmental generational amnesia. Why is this a concern for human flourishing? Why is it a concern ecologically?

Question 31

Describe the primary tenets of ecopsychology.

Question 32

More frequent contact with nature is associated with

A)better physical health.
B)better mental health.
C)proenvironmental concern and behavior.
D)All of the above.

Question 33

Which of the following is false about children's play in natural vs. built settings?

A)Children are more active in natural settings than built settings.
B)Children display more creativity in natural settings than in built settings.
C)Children develop better motor skills in natural settings than in built settings.
D)Children are more easily bored in natural settings than in built settings.

Question 34

Folkbiology thoery posits that children possess an innate tendency to

A)perceive, categorize, and think about living things.
B)prefer play in natural settings to play in built settings.
C)affiliate with life and life-like processes.
D)All of the above.

Question 35

Which of the following research findings is consistent with folkbiology theory?

A)Children recognize that there is a vital life force in food and water that gives people and other animals energy.
B)Children as young as 4 understand that plants and animals can grow and heal but inanimate objects cannot.
C)Even children living in cities are able to assign living things into simple taxonomic categories at a young age.
D)All of the above are consistent with folkbiology theory.

Question 36

Which of the following is false about children's understanding of the natural world?

A)It appears to benefit from an innate tendency to perceive, categorize, and think about living things.
B)It tends to be simplistic and inaccurate when children lack firsthand experience in nature.
C)A basic understanding of differences between living and non-living things shows up in the first years of life.
D)It appears to be fairly consistent and equally nuanced across cultures.

Question 37

Research on children from Texas, Portugal, and the Brazilian Amazon revealed all of the following except

A)Most of the children viewed pollution as a moral violation.
B)Overall, the majority of the children cited harm to nonhuman animals as the primary problem with pollution.
C)Most children's moral reasoning was biocentric, rather than anthropocentric.
D)Older children were more likely than their younger peers to emphasize how pollution negatively affects wild animals.

Question 38

Which of the following is false about the role of animals in children's development?

A)This is an area of study that has been largely neglected by developmental psychologists.
B)Most of the research in this area is about children's interest in wild animals like tigers, bears, and dinosaurs.
C)In some form or another, animals figure prominently in the lives of most children.
D)Interaction with pets is a primary way that children learn about caring and about biological processes.

Question 39

Which of the following is false about children's direct experience with wild places?

A)In the industrialized world, children's direct experience with wild places is declining dramatically.
B)A lack of direct experience with wild places may lead to a sense of alienation from nature, undermining ecological concern.
C)Ecologically degraded wild places are especially likely to foster environmental concern in children.
D)Direct experiences with wild places may serve as the foundation for the development of an ecologically connected identity.

Question 40

Which of the following best describes the concern raised by the concept of environmental generational amnesia?

A)Each subsequent generation may perceive current ecologically degraded conditions as normal, not realizing what they are missing.
B)If humans lose sight of what it means for ecosystems to thrive, we may fail to adequately safeguard them.
C)This phenomenon may threaten the health and optimal development of future generations.
D)All of these are concerns associated with the concept of environmental generational amnesia.

Question 41

Based on what you learned reading Chapter 10, if you were to write a behavioral prescription for people that would simultanously benefit human and planetary wellbeing, what would it entail, and why?

Question 42

Which of the following is false regarding people's connection to other species?

A)From a very young age people display the desire to protect nonhuman animals.
B)When people observe animals, they commonly attribute human qualities and behaviors to them.
C)It is normal for children and adults to show cruelty toward other species.
D)Close encounters with wild animals are the primary enticement driving ecotourism.

Question 43

The ""Father of American Psychology,"" William James, expressed concern about the growing divide between humans and nonhuman nature.

Question 44

Bacteria are bad for human health.

Question 45

The majority of research studies on the benefits of spending time in nature have taken place in wilderness settings.

Question 46

The majority of research studies on the benefits of spending time in nature have involved experiences lasting a few hours or less.

Question 47

People have a tendency to underestimate how good natural settings will make them feel.

Question 48

People seem not to know what types of settings will be most restorative.

Question 49

Viewing nature through a window can be restorative.

Question 50

Some therapists are using gardening as a technique to help clients with depression.

Question 51

Ecotherapy is becoming popular among mental health workers.

Question 52

Wilderness is ""nature,"" but groomed gardens are not.

Question 53

Research on place attachment finds that attachment to place breeds environmental stewardship of that place.

Question 54

William James thought that the educated urban classes could learn something from ""savages and children of nature"" about life's elementary joys.

Question 55

William James proposed that living in built settings deriving comfort from material possessions is the key to human happiness.

Question 56

Positive psychology emphasizes the study of factors that threaten wellbeing.

Question 57

Ecopsychologists claim that planetary and human wellbeing are mutually dependent.

Question 58

Biophilia is innate, but biophobia is learned.

Question 59

Biophilia can encompass both positive and negative affiliation with nature.

Question 60

Across cultures and age groups, people display a strong preference for natural environments over built urban settings.

Question 61

The specific goal of biophilic architecture is to maximize human wellbeing while minimizing ecological impact.

Question 62

It is certain that the setting for the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness was wild nature.

Question 63

National surveys in the U.S. have found that children's participation in outdoor activities has fallen each year since 2006 .

Question 64

Children living in industrialized cultures today are playing outside less than any previous generation of humans.

Question 65

Which of the following best captures Theodore Rozsak's idea of the ""ecological unconscious""?

A)Humans' ecologically damaging behaviors derive from unconscious conflicts and desires.
B)Modern living forces people to repress ecological concern into their unconscious minds.
C)although we may not be consciously aware of it, humans possess a
D)all living things are connected through a collective unconscious.

Question 66

Which of the following is false about ecopsychology?

A)Ecopsychologists claim there is a reciprocity between the health of humans and the health of the planet.
B)A central goal of ecopsychology is to recover people's repressed connection to nonhuman nature.
C)Ecopsychologists believe that the fundamental cause of today's ecological crisis is technology.
D)Ecopsychologists believe that recovery of the ""ecological self"" promotes sustainable behavior.

Question 67

Biologist E. O. Wilson's biophilia hypothesis proposes that

A)All people love nature unconditionally, even though they may not recognize this unconscious affinity.
B)humans are born with an innate curiosity about, and feeling of kinship with, other living things.
C)There are two types of people in the world: those who love nature, and those who fear it.
D)All of the above.

Question 68

Which of the following is true about fear and aversion to elements of the natural world?

A)It is not natural to fear or feel aversion to other living things.
B)Fear and aversion are incompatible with biophilia.
C)Frightening experiences in nature are not always experienced negatively.
D)Only humans experience aversion to other living creatures.

Question 69

Which of the following is not among the natural features that elicit positive responses from most people?

A)mountains
B)water
C)an expansive view
D)vegetation

Question 70

When it comes to built environments,

A)people prefer different types of features than they do in natural environments.
B)people respond more positively when they contain similar features to preferred natural environments.
C)stark modern spaces are generally preferred over spaces that resemble natural settings.
D)only recently have architects recognized the appeal of integrating natural elements.

Question 71

Which of the following is false about biophilic architectural design?

A)Biophilic design is informed by an ethic of environmental sustainability.
B)Biophilic design is based on theory and research about how humans respond positively to natural materials, lighting, and shapes.
C)Biophilic design is intended to foster a sense of attachment to place.
D)Biophilic architects are basically doing what Frank Lloyd Wright did nearly a century ago.

Question 72

Which one of the following concepts is most directly linked to environmental stewardship?

A)place attachment
B)biophilia
C)soliphilia
D)sense of place

Question 73

Which of the following accurately reflects the late 19th century sentiments of William James, the ""Father of American Psychology""?

A)James thought that middle-to-upper class city dwellers lived better lives than rural people.
B)James thought that people living industrialized lifestyles would benefit from descending to a more primitive level.
C)James thought life success should be measured in terms of education and accrued finances.
D)James thought human psychological wellbeing was benefitting from industrial development.

Question 74

The recommendation from some ecopsychologists that people ""re-wild"" themselves is similar to William James's suggestion that people ""descend to a more profound and primitive level.""

Question 75

Children are more active in natural landscapes than on asphalt or turf playing fields.

Question 76

Children display more creativity in natural settings than in built settings.

Question 77

Children are more easily bored in natural settings than in built settings.

Question 78

Children develop better motor skills in natural settings than in built settings.

Question 79

Children with deeper ecological understanding display greater moral concern for nonhuman species.

Question 80

Most developmental psychologists place significant emphasis on the role of animals in the lives of children.