Deck 2: Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Trauma-Related Disorders

Question 1

In vicarious acquisition, fear is acquired by:

A) classical conditioning.
B) verbal transmission of fear-related information.
C) observing another person responding with fear to a threat.
D) All of the given options are correct.
E) None of the given options are correct.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The most effective treatment for a specific phobia is:

A) counselling.
B) in vivo exposure.
C) imaginal exposure.
D) empathy.
E) conditioning.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Development of a panic disorder requires:

A) a specific psychological vulnerability.
B) a generalised psychological vulnerability.
C) a generalised biological vulnerability.
D) All of the given options are correct.
E) None of the given options are correct.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

People with social phobia avoid situations because they fear:

A) panic attacks.
B) re-experiencing trauma.
C) contamination by other people.
D) enclosed spaces.
E) embarrassment and negative evaluation by other people.

Question 5

According to the research evidence, the most effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder is:

A) medication.
B) cognitive behaviour therapy.
C) psychosurgery.
D) behavioural macros.
E) skills training.

Question 6

Individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) typically experience worries about:

A) social threat but not physical threat.
B) physical threat but not social threat.
C) both social threat and physical threat.
D) neither social threat nor physical threat.
E) social threat, physical threat and contamination threat.

Question 7

According to Barlow (2002), the hallmark of anxiety is:

A) panic attacks.
B) vicarious acquisition.
C) true alarms.
D) false alarms.
E) distorted thoughts.

Question 8

Which of the following is not a major symptom cluster in the definition of posttraumatic stress disorder?

A) arousal symptoms
B) avoidance symptoms
C) substance abuse symptoms
D) re-experiencing symptoms
E) All of the given options are correct.

Question 9

Biological, learning and cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) all recognise that:

A) PTSD is maintained by avoidance of reminders of the trauma.
B) PTSD develops in almost everyone who experiences a trauma.
C) PTSD is more common in men than in women.
D) All of the given options are correct.
E) None of the given options are correct.

Question 10

In Foa's 1991 randomised controlled trial of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder, the treatment with the best long-term outcome was:

A) stress management.
B) imaginal exposure.
C) hypnotherapy.
D) supportive counselling.
E) prolonged exposure.

Question 11

The Rapee Information Processing Model of the development of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) suggests that individuals with GAD selectively attend to:

A) body sensations of impending panic.
B) memories of trauma.
C) stress neurochemicals.
D) threatening information.
E) negative social cues.

Question 12

According to the Wells Meta-Cognitive Model of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), an individual with GAD is likely to have:

A) only positive beliefs about worrying.
B) only negative beliefs about worrying.
C) both positive and negative beliefs about worrying.
D) All of the given options are correct.
E) None of the given options are correct.

Question 13

Research supports the hypothesis that ________ is/are a specific feature of generalised anxiety disorder.

A) intolerance of uncertainty
B) positive meta-beliefs about worrying
C) worry about a few closely related themes
D) over-estimating one's ability to cope with negative events
E) negative cognitions

Question 14

Which of the following is not true of benzodiazepine medications in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder?

A) They quickly reduce anxiety.
B) They produce drug tolerance and dependence.
C) They were frequently prescribed in the past.
D) The anxiety symptoms return after the medication is stopped.
E) The anxiety symptoms do not return after the medication is stopped.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a core feature of posttraumatic stress disorder?

A) mania
B) avoidance of stimuli related to the trauma
C) symptoms of re-experiencing the trauma
D) increased arousal
E) exaggerated startle response

Question 16

Seligman's preparedness theory suggests that:

A) there is a biological/evolutionary component to phobic fears.
B) anxiety is due to expectation of negative outcomes.
C) phobias are founded in unconscious mental conflicts.
D) false alarms lead to heightened vigilance.
E) humans are prepared to deal with certain threats.

Question 17

People with obsessive-compulsive disorder are more likely to have a poor outcome if their symptoms include:

A) excessive concern about their appearance.
B) compulsive checking.
C) hoarding.
D) hand washing.
E) obsessional thoughts.

Question 18

Obsessive-compulsive disorder has a prevalence rate of about:

A) 2 to 3 per cent.
B) 1 per cent.
C) 0.2 per cent.
D) 0.1 per cent.
E) 0.3 per cent

Question 19

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) has a lifetime prevalence of about:

A) 10 per cent.
B) 5 per cent.
C) 1 per cent.
D) 0.1 per cent.
E) 2 per cent.

Question 20

Which of the following is not true of cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder?

A) Treatment gains are maintained after therapy stops.
B) Clients are assisted to identify negative beliefs.
C) By the end of therapy, at most only 50 per cent of clients score in the non-clinical range on measures of symptoms.
D) Clients are taught to avoid and suppress their worries.
E) Clients are taught to re-appraise negative predictions about threats.

Question 21

Which of the following is not one of the new approaches for helping people with GAD?

A) interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
B) mindfulness meditation approaches
C) addressing meta-worries
D) addressing problems coping with emotions
E) eye movement desensitisation retraining (EMDR)

Question 22

Which of the following is not a change to anxiety disorders in the DSM-5?

A) There is a minimum period to receive a specific phobia diagnosis.
B) Agoraphobia has become a distinct disorder from panic disorder.
C) A distinction is made between performance social phobia and generalised social phobia.
D) OCD is listed within 'Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum'.
E) Specific phobia and panic disorder are combined into one diagnosis.

Question 23

Which of the following is a change to PTSD for the DSM-5?

A) The individual's subjective response to the traumatic event is deleted.
B) Avoidance is redefined as active avoidance of helplessness or horror.
C) A new cluster is added involving negative alterations in cognitions and mood.
D) All of the given options are correct.
E) None of the given options are correct.

Question 24

What changes to the diagnostic criteria for GAD were enacted in the DSM-5?

A) Removed the criterion that worry should be difficult to control.
B) No changes were made in the DSM-5.
C) Excessive anxiety and worry must be present for three, rather than six, months.
D) Reduced the number of associated symptoms.
E) Included the presence of behavioural symptoms such as time spent planning for potential threat.

Question 25

An example of a social threat for sufferers of GAD is:

A) worrying about being the victim of a terrorist attack.
B) worrying about being involved in a car accident.
C) worrying about not being liked by others.
D) worrying about developing cancer.
E) None of these is an example of a social threat.

Question 26

A panic disorder differs from a panic attack in that:

A) panic disorders are more extreme.
B) panic attacks come 'out of the blue'.
C) a panic disorder is more likely to be comorbid with depression.
D) a panic disorder involves worry about having additional panic attacks.
E) None of the given options are correct.

Question 27

According to Clark's model of panic disorder people with this disorder:

A) typically avoid places where a panic attack may occur.
B) are highly anxious.
C) are low on a measure of anxiety sensitivity.
D) catastrophise bodily sensations as dangerous.
E) hyperventilate.

Question 28

Which of the following is not typically true of GAD?

A) GAD occurs more often in women than men.
B) Without treatment GAD has a chronic course.
C) It is not comorbid with other disorders.
D) Most sufferers do not seek help.
E) None of the given options are correct.

Question 29

If John spends 8 hours a day checking that electrical appliances in his house are switched off, John is:

A) showing poor insight into his behaviour.
B) being obsessive.
C) being overly cautious.
D) distracting himself from unwanted impulses.
E) being compulsive.

Question 30

In the DSM-5, OCD is now grouped with related disorders. Which of the following is not a related disorder?

A) body dysmorphic disorder
B) hoarding disorder
C) generalised anxiety and worry disorder
D) trichotillomania
E) excoriation (skin-picking)

Question 31

The idea that specific phobias are classically conditioned is weakened by the fact that:

A) not all individuals show phobic responses after a negative encounter with a stimulus.
B) the majority of phobic individuals report no memory of a pairing of an aversive event with the phobic object.
C) phobic fears are not evenly distributed across possible stimuli.
D) All of the options listed here are correct.
E) None of the given options are correct.

Question 32

Research supports the view that obsessional thoughts experienced by OCD sufferers are no different than those experienced by the general population. However, in OCD sufferers:

A) the obsessional thoughts are very negative.
B) the obsessional thought are very aggressive and/or sexual in nature.
C) the obsessional thoughts are awarded a special significance.
D) the obsessional thoughts arise 'out of the blue'.
E) None of the given options are correct.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a risk factor for developing PTSD after exposure to a trauma?

A) a history of psychological problems pre-dating the trauma
B) male gender
C) low intellectual levels
D) low social support after the trauma
E) more severe trauma

Question 34

In agorophobia sufferers avoid being in situations where:

A) there is a need to relate easily to others.
B) a panic attack may occur and escape from the situation is difficult.
C) others may see them.
D) they are far away from home.
E) None of the given options are correct.

Question 35

With regards to GAD, the Intolerance of Uncertainty Model interacts with three other processes that maintain GAD symptoms. One of them is:

A) holding positive beliefs about worry as a coping strategy.
B) holding negative beliefs about worry as a coping strategy.
C) having a high level of confidence in one's ability to solve problems.
D) experiencing vivid negative images.
E) having low self-esteem.