Deck 1: Introducing the Concepts of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

The "Jena 6" case, described in your text, illustrates

A) race-based inequities in the criminal justice system.
B) how classism results in inequities for the poor.
C) how both White people and Black people can work together to address racism.
D) that voter ID laws can disenfranchise minority voters.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is true about racial disparities in the criminal justice system?

A) Black men and Black women are arrested for drug violations at about the same rate.
B) Both Black and Hispanic drivers who are stopped by police are more likely to be searched than are White drivers.
C) Few race-based inequities were identified in New York City's Stop and Frisk program.
D) Police officers who wear body cameras are less likely to fatally shoot a suspect than police officers who do not wear cameras.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When asked about their interactions with the police, African American men

A) report that White, but not Black, police officers are biased against them.
B) expect that if a police officer is watching them, they will be accused of wrongdoing.
C) report fears that are unsupported by research on racial disparities in law enforcement.
D) recognize that the anxiety they feel when interacting with police officers is counterproductive.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The idea that people of color are more likely to be pulled over for traffic violations, compared with White people

A) has been discounted by research.
B) happens occasionally, but not systematically.
C) has yet to be explored in the court system.
D) may be rooted in the belief that people of color are more likely to commit crimes than are White people.

Question 5

José looks across the room and notices another student. According to research on person perception, what information is José likely to notice first about that person?

A) The person's gender
B) What the person is doing
C) Whether the person is attractive or not
D) What the person is wearing

Question 6

According to your textbook, which of the following is true about Americans' atti- tudes toward Muslims?

A) Anti-Muslim attitudes were more negative during Barack Obama's presidency than during George Bush's presidency.
B) Americans hold the most negative attitudes toward Muslims who regularly observe their religious obligations.
C) Anti-Muslim attitudes are more likely to be expressed by property damage to mosques than by discrimination against Muslim people.
D) Hate crimes against Muslims occur more often today than they did in the months after the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

Question 7

According to your textbook, race is a

A) socially constructed category which is often supported by law.
B) concept that has never been considered scientifically meaningful.
C) neutral categorization system that is sometimes misused by biased individuals.
D) clearly defined biological category.

Question 8

Racial categories such as "Asian," "Black," "Hispanic," and "White" are

A) biological facts.
B) universally agreed upon.
C) arbitrary labels.
D) culturally irrelevant.

Question 9

Which of the following is a way to reliably determine a person's race?

A) Racial features
B) The "blood quantum" criterion
C) Skin tone
D) None of the above

Question 10

Which of the following is an important component of racism?

A) Having the power to oppress members of socially devalued groups
B) The idea that only majority group members hold race-based negative attitudes
C) That it is expressed at the individual level, but not at the institutional level
D) That it is reflected through intentional, but not unintentional, behaviors

Question 11

Members of which of the following groups have been considered to have a non- White ethnicity at some time in the history of the United States?

A) Iranians
B) Italians
C) Irish
D) All of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is not part of the definition of human culture?

A) Unique meaning and information system
B) Transmitted across generations
C) Leads to biased views of outgroups
D) Allows a group to meet its basic needs

Question 13

----------------is a unique meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows a group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life.

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Categorization
C) Scripting
D) Human culture

Question 14

The concept of human culture is important for understanding prejudice and discrimi- nation because

A) culture provides a means of transmitting shared beliefs about groups.
B) prejudices, stereotypes, and privileges are all influenced by culture.
C) culture reinforces the use of race and other social categories.
D) culture does all of the above.

Question 15

According to research, immigrants are most likely to be accepted by citizens of the host country who

A) see their economic resources as limited.
B) believe immigrants can be an important part of the country's future.
C) believe that their national identity is based on birth and shared ancestry.
D) are highly religious.

Question 16

People who believe national identity is based on birth and shared ancestry are said to adopt a-------------------view about immigrants.

A) law and order
B) nativist
C) multicultural
D) assimilationist

Question 17

Group privilege

A) is enjoyed only by White males.
B) can be based on race, gender, or sexual orientation.
C) is much discussed but does not really exist.
D) is an earned advantage enjoyed by members of all successful groups.

Question 18

When White people are turned down for credit, they rarely wonder whether the decision was based on their race. This illustrates the idea of

A) ethnocentrism.
B) group superiority.
C) race-based denial.
D) group privilege.

Question 19

An unearned favored state conferred simply because of one's race, gender, gender identity, or sexual orientation is referred to as

A) ethnocentrism.
B) equity.
C) group privilege.
D) ingroup favoritism.

Question 20

The idea that those who have privilege take it for granted is referred to as

A) the luxury of obliviousness.
B) safety in numbers.
C) lifting a ton of feathers.
D) pancultural denial.

Question 21

According to Peggy McIntosh, privilege is

A) an invisible, weightless knapsack.
B) held only by White women and men.
C) the lightness of being.
D) the opposite of unearned advantage.

Question 22

Group privilege

A) has a small, but relatively unimportant, effect on the experience of minorities.
B) can result in interpersonal, but not institutional discrimination.
C) has a cumulative, negative impact on minorities that is difficult to document, but nevertheless powerful.
D) affects people of color, but not White women.

Question 23

According to your text, a corollary of group privilege is

A) a zone of "not kidding."
B) people's experience of subtle prejudice because of their group membership.
C) advantage granted because of one's ability, effort, or past success.
D) advantage granted to people because of their group membership.

Question 24

Olin is a White male who is taking a diversity class. When the topic of White privi- lege is first introduced, Olin is most likely to

A) feel empathy for groups with less privilege.
B) feel under attack.
C) experience an increase in his self-esteem.
D) express collective guilt on behalf of his racial group.

Question 25

According to Ijeoma Oluo, which of the following explains why the concept of privi- lege is threatening?

A) Everyone has experienced discrimination at some point in their life.
B) It ignores the racism that White women and men experience.
C) People are uncomfortable with the possibility that they are ignorant about how the world works.
D) Discussing privilege leads to critical hopelessness.

Question 26

----------------is the idea that it can be difficult to accept one's privileged status, but by listening to other's perspectives and ideas about this topic, growth and change are possible.

A) Group humility
B) Anti-racism
C) Implicit prejudice
D) Critical hope

Question 27

Professor X is teaching a class on prejudice and discrimination. When students express that they are having difficulty grappling with the complexity of the topic, Professor X offers easy

A) naïve hope.
B) critical hope.
C) solidarity.
D) difficulty blindness.

Question 28

Critical hope addresses students' responses to learning about prejudice and discrimi- nation. Which of the following is not an aspect of this concept?

A) Majority group members may feel they are being asked to give up important aspects of their culture.
B) Minority group members may feel that their worldview has been questioned.
C) Instructors should address the tension and discomfort that all students experience when discussing this topic.
D) It is important to acknowledge that the barriers to equality and inclusion are not easily removed.

Question 29

Who proposed that stereotypes are "pictures in our heads"?

A) Gordon Allport
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Theodore Adorno
D) Walter Lippman

Question 30

----------------are organized beliefs and opinions about the characteristics of members of various groups that are held in common by members of a group.

A) Stereotypes
B) Attitudes
C) Prejudices
D) Privileges

Question 31

Stereotypes are

A) organized beliefs and opinions about social group members.
B) affective reactions to social group members.
C) actions that reflect bias against social group members.
D) feelings of strong dislike or hatred about social group members.

Question 32

Which of the following is a stereotype?

A) Older adults have poor memory.
B) Harvey dislikes Bosnians.
C) In the European Union, a person with a disability is twice as likely to be unemployed.
D) Physicians are less likely to prescribe pain medication for low-income than for high-income patients.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a key aspect of stereotypes?

A) Stereotypes are shared beliefs that are an integral part of one's culture.
B) Group members generally agree about the content of a group stereotype.
C) To be considered stereotypic, a belief about a group must be negative.
D) Stereotypes can be both descriptive and prescriptive.

Question 34

Stereotypes that put limits on members of the stereotyped group are labeled

A) restrictive.
B) descriptive.
C) prescriptive.
D) accurate.

Question 35

Why do people rely on stereotypes?

A) There is a kernel of truth to them.
B) They provide a way to reduce a complex world to a manageable level.
C) They come from shared beliefs that derive from culture.
D) All of the above.

Question 36

For his independent research project, Henri asks participants to list the characteristics they associate with members of four religious groups. The characteristics that partici- pants generated would best be described as

A) accurate.
B) descriptive.
C) prescriptive.
D) prejudiced.

Question 37

Descriptive stereotypes tell us what people think group members-------------------; prescriptive stereotypes tell us what people think group members-------------------.

A) must be like; might be like
B) should be like; are like
C) must be like; are like
D) are like; should be like

Question 38

A mother buys shirts with princesses and sparkles for her daughter and shirts with trucks and comic book heroes for her son. This is based on her belief about what girls and boys should wear. This is an example of

A) a prescriptive stereotype.
B) the kernel of truth.
C) stereotype rigidity.
D) a descriptive stereotype.

Question 39

Dr. Wu found that undergraduates' stereotypic beliefs about women correspond to how undergraduate women describe themselves. According to your text, Dr. Wu can conclude that

A) respondents are motivated to control their prejudice toward women.
B) respondents of all ages hold the same stereotypes about women.
C) the reported stereotypes reflect at least a kernel of truth.
D) women feel pressured to conform to stereotypes about their social group.

Question 40

Positive stereotypes

A) are so rare that researchers do not study them.
B) are more accurate than negative stereotypes.
C) are formed by the same psychological processes as negative beliefs.
D) have only positive effects on members of majority groups.

Question 41

Ebony is the top student in her physics class. When returning her latest exam, her professor comments "How did you become so good at physics?" According to your text, Ebony will

A) be more likely to take an advanced physics course in the future.
B) conclude that it is unusual for girls and women to excel in physics.
C) be more likely to think of herself as caring and warm.
D) create a subtype for herself and other women who are good at physics.

Question 42

----------------is an attitude directed toward members of some group, based solely on their membership in that group.

A) Discrimination
B) Negative affect
C) Prejudice
D) Stereotyping

Question 43

Which of the following is true about our emotional reactions to group members?

A) Positive stereotypes generally produce neutral emotional responses.
B) People can have ambivalent emotional responses to social group members.
C) Emotional responses are strong, so people are always aware that they have them.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 44

Madison feels disgust when she sees a person who has a physical disability. Psychologists would categorize this reaction as

A) group privilege.
B) stereotyping.
C) prejudice.
D) discrimination.

Question 45

Alekos, a native-born Greek, is most likely to be threatened by an immigrant to his country if he

A) is himself a second- or third-generation immigrant.
B) believes the immigrant's social goals are similar to his.
C) believes other Greeks are too accepting of immigrants.
D) sees the immigrant as a competitor in the job market.

Question 46

Gabriel considers himself to be unprejudiced. According to your text, Gabriel

A) will be accepting of others, regardless of the social context of their interaction.
B) is still likely to have absorbed some degree of prejudice from the culture he grew up in.
C) will still feel hostility toward members of many social groups.
D) will feel little guilt about any prejudicial beliefs he acknowledges having.

Question 47

Emotional reactions to social groups can originate from

A) seeing a group as a threat to one's own group.
B) interacting with a group whose social goals differ from one's own.
C) having personal characteristics that make people chronically intolerant of other groups.
D) all of the above.

Question 48

----------------is behavior directed toward social groups who are the targets of prejudice.

A) Discrimination
B) Intentionality
C) Prejudice
D) Stereotyping

Question 49

A person choosing not to sit next to a woman wearing traditional Muslim clothing, even when it is the only seat available, is an example of

A) prejudice.
B) stereotyping.
C) ethnocentrism.
D) discrimination.

Question 50

A younger person using baby talk when talking to an older person is an example of

A) discrimination.
B) benevolent prejudice.
C) categorization.
D) stereotype endorsement.

Question 51

Discrimination based on people's personal beliefs about, evaluation of, and behavior toward members of other groups is called-------------------discrimination.

A) cultural
B) interpersonal
C) institutional
D) organizational

Question 52

A coach refuses to let a girl play touch football because he believes girls are emotional and cannot take the stress of competition. This is an example of

A) interpersonal discrimination.
B) institutional discrimination.
C) emotion-based discrimination.
D) stereotype accuracy in action.

Question 53

Organizational discrimination stems from

A) the stereotypes held by members of an organization.
B) organizational rules and policies that have a discriminatory effect.
C) White male domination of corporate and governmental organizations.
D) requiring diversity training for all employees in an organization.

Question 54

According to your text, the gender wage gap

A) is present only when comparing White men's wages to White women's wages.
B) is larger for people who have only a high school education.
C) occurs at all career stages.
D) affects only people who entered the workforce before equal employment oppor- tunity legislation took effect.

Question 55

Equal representation in a job category is achieved when

A) the ratio of women to men is greater than 1.
B) the percentage of minority group members equals their representation in the population.
C) ethnic minorities are promoted at a higher rate to make up for earlier hiring inequities.
D) White women make up 51 percent of the workforce but hold 70 percent of the service jobs.

Question 56

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, members of which of these groups have the highest salary?

A) White men at all education levels.
B) Black women over the age of 30.
C) College-educated Asian men.
D) Latino men who are members of a union.

Question 57

Institutional discrimination stems from

A) negative behavior toward any social group.
B) beliefs about group superiority that are sanctioned by governing bodies.
C) the refusal to interact with members of other social groups.
D) negative behavior that is universally accepted.

Question 58

Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination?

A) A movie producer paying female actors less than male actors for an equivalent role.
B) An art museum curator's decision that Appalachian quilts made in the 1800s are not "art."
C) Passing a law that revokes the voting rights of people convicted of felonies.
D) A company paying lesbians less than heterosexual women because they assume only heterosexual women are raising children.

Question 59

Prior to Hurricane Katrina, most hospitals in New Orleans did not have established policies for relocating patients in an emergency. According to your text, this resulted in

A) institutional discrimination.
B) interpersonal discrimination.
C) intentional discrimination.
D) cultural discrimination.

Question 60

According to your text, Black people were disproportionately affected by Hurricane Katrina because

A) individual government officials engaged in interpersonal discrimination.
B) race and poverty are strongly linked in New Orleans.
C) explicitly racist policies led to extremely slow responses to the flooding.
D) the media coverage focused on White people's experiences.

Question 61

Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination in the United States?

A) Separate but equal school desegregation.
B) Hospital evacuation decisions during Hurricane Katrina.
C) Voter identification laws that adversely affect certain social groups, such as the poor.
D) All of the above are examples of institutional discrimination.

Question 62

Which of the following institutional failures resulted in race-based health disparities in Covid-19 infection rates?

A) Racial and ethnic minorities were more likely to live in areas with few health care facilities.
B) Black and Latinx people were more likely to refuse vaccinations than were White and Asian people.
C) Older Asian Americans were less likely to seek emergency care than were older Black people or older White people.
D) All of the above.

Question 63

The powerful group in a society establishes and maintains its dominance by reward- ing those values that correspond to its views and punishing those values that do not. This is the definition of

A) individual discrimination.
B) institutional discrimination.
C) cultural discrimination.
D) White privilege.

Question 64

According to your text, cultural discrimination

A) results in the marginalization of minority group members' cultural heritage.
B) occurs when a person is discriminated against because of their country of origin.
C) can be easily recognized by both dominant and minority groups.
D) all of the above.

Question 65

Most love songs in popular culture are about heterosexual love. This is an example of

A) institutional discrimination.
B) interpersonal discrimination.
C) cultural discrimination.
D) organizational discrimination.

Question 66

Which of the following is an example of cultural discrimination?

A) Laws that require businesses to provide gender-neutral restroom facilities.
B) A taxi driver refusing to pick up a woman wearing traditional Muslim garments.
C) The decision to ban steroid users from competing in the Tour de France.
D) The relatively small number of Latinx characters on U.S. television sitcoms.

Question 67

Cultural discrimination and institutional discrimination are similar in that they

A) only influence the attitudes and behavior of White people.
B) are relatively rare, compared to organizational discrimination.
C) are difficult to recognize.
D) have only positive effects on members of majority groups.

Question 68

In the United States, people exhibit a bias in favor of women who represent a European standard of beauty. This is an example of-------------------discrimination.

A) institutional
B) interpersonal
C) organizational
D) cultural

Question 69

Which of the following was experienced by the Japanese Americans who were placed in internment camps during World War II?

A) They experienced short-term mental health problems that lifted once they were released.
B) They developed a stronger sense of ethnic group identity than those who were not placed in camps.
C) Their children tended to downplay their ethnic and cultural identity.
D) All of the above.

Question 70

According to your text, the children of Japanese Americans who were placed in internment camps during World War II

A) are more patriotic than Japanese children whose parents were not interned.
B) felt pressure to engage in activities that reflected their Japanese heritage.
C) lost connection with their Japanese language and culture.
D) all of the above.

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Individuals who can identify a group stereotype are usually prejudiced against that group.
B) Stereotypic beliefs can be activated without a person's awareness.
C) Stereotypes almost always influence our behavior toward members of the stereo- typed group.
D) Consciously held stereotypic beliefs are more harmful than unconsciously held stereotypic beliefs.

Question 72

Some reactions toward groups or individuals are outside conscious awareness. These are called

A) inaccessible prejudices.
B) explicit prejudices.
C) controlled prejudices.
D) implicit prejudices.

Question 73

People's implicit prejudices

A) cannot ever be controlled because they operate outside of their awareness.
B) can be controlled by people who are strongly motivated to do so.
C) are more negative than people's explicit prejudices.
D) are less likely to be based on societal belief systems than are explicit prejudices.

Question 74

Prejudices that people are aware of and can easily describe are called

A) unconscious prejudices.
B) explicit prejudices.
C) acknowledged prejudices.
D) implicit prejudices.

Question 75

When Nadia is asked about the characteristics she associates with athletes, she is easily able to list them. Nadia's response is best described as an

A) explicit prejudice.
B) unconscious prejudice.
C) acknowledged prejudice.
D) implicit prejudice.

Question 76

Every person is a member of multiple basic social categories. This concept is known as

A) intersectionality.
B) group privilege.
C) explicit group membership.
D) membership inclusivity.

Question 77

Sebastian is an African American male who identifies as bisexual. According to research on intersectionality, Sebastian is likely to

A) be marginalized by other Black men who identify as bisexual.
B) describe himself as very masculine.
C) be seen as an atypical member of his ethnic group.
D) be described by his friends as a prototypical bisexual person.

Question 78

Stereotypes of the general social category "male" include assertive, successful, and educated. People from which intersectional category are most likely to be described by these characteristics?

A) Asian male
B) Latinx male
C) African American male
D) White male

Question 79

Which of the following statements about the stereotypes associated with ethnic groups is true?

A) Black women and Black men are seen as having several overlapping characteristics.
B) There is more overlap in the stereotypes associated with men of different ethnic groups than of women of different ethnic groups.
C) The stereotypes associated with White women are more positive than those asso- ciated with White men.
D) The stereotype of Asian men is most similar to the stereotype of White women.

Question 80

According to research on intersectionalities,

A) Asian women are often treated as exotic sexualized objects.
B) gay men's interest in feminine topics, such as fashion, is often ignored.
C) gay men are seen as desirable dating partners because they are stereotyped as being "nice."
D) people rarely comment on Black women's physical appearance.