Deck 5: Old-Fashioned and Contemporary Forms of Prejudice

Question 1

Which of the following statements has been supported by research on Americans' prejudicial beliefs?

A) The majority of White people believe Black people are treated unfairly in today's society.
B) Attitudes toward gays and lesbians today are similar in valence to attitudes held in 1973.
C) Few White people today believe that prejudice and discrimination are still problems.
D) College students' personal stereotypes about African Americans have changed little since the first studies on this topic.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The theory underlying the bogus pipeline technique for assessing attitudes is that

A) research participants can easily express their own attitudes.
B) true attitudes can never be assessed accurately.
C) physiological measures are more reliable than self-report measures.
D) people, in general, do not want to be caught lying.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Researchers X and Y are assessing anti-Black prejudice. For which type of measure are they least likely to find prejudicial responses?

A) Self-report
B) Bogus pipeline
C) Physiological measures
D) Behavioral measures

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Evidence for the continued existence of prejudice in today's society comes from

A) research using physiological measures.
B) research using behavioral measures.
C) the day-to-day experiences of members of marginalized groups.
D) all of the above.

Question 5

Which of the following research findings illustrates the continuation of prejudice in today's society?

A) White people and Black people are equally satisfied with how ethnic minorities are currently treated.
B) White college students hold parties in which attendees dress in costumes that mock minority groups.
C) Today's Black college students often observe non-verbal discrimination but rarely hear verbal expressions of prejudice.
D) The majority of White people express a willingness to date a Black person.

Question 6

Which of the following is not a major component of Jim Crow racism?

A) White people's absolute belief that they are inherently superior to other races
B) A firm belief in the rightness of keeping minorities in their place
C) Using the power of government to pass laws that discriminate against minorities
D) The belief that some minority group members are more acceptable than others and can be allowed rights and privileges similar to those of White people

Question 7

At what point in U.S. history did norms supporting Jim Crow racism first begin to change?

A) Post-Civil War reconstruction
B) The Great Depression
C) Following World War II
D) 1960s civil rights movement

Question 8

The term racial resentment refers to

A) minority group members' resentment of majority group members' privileges.
B) the negative influence of Jim Crow laws on White Americans' intergroup attitudes.
C) the modern form of old-fashioned prejudice.
D) majority group members' irritation that minority groups continue to demand advances in civil rights.

Question 9

Which of the following propositions are not shared by theories of contemporary prejudice?

A) White people no longer need to justify the expression of prejudice toward ethnic minority group members.
B) American social norms have moved toward a belief in equality for all people.
C) Most Americans are motivated to avoid appearing prejudiced.
D) The extent to which Americans accept the principle of equality depends on fac- tors such as their age and education level.

Question 10

The concept of implicit prejudice refers to

A) intergroup attitudes and stereotypes that are automatically activated in memory.
B) prejudices that are based on the personality traits that are believed to characterize other groups.
C) intergroup attitudes and stereotypes that people intentionally retrieve from memory.
D) prejudices that affect people's emotions rather than their behaviors.

Question 11

----------------prejudices are activated automatically without the person being aware of it happening.

A) Old-fashioned
B) Explicit
C) Implicit
D) Post-modern

Question 12

Implicit prejudices have been found to be associated with

A) White college students' likelihood of asking for a new roommate after sharing a dorm room with a minority student
B) physicians' being less likely to prescribe treatment for Black patients complaining of chest pains
C) hiring discrimination against people with disabilities
D) all of the above

Question 13

Which of the following statements about implicit prejudice is false?

A) Implicit prejudices develop from children's immersion in a culture that is perme- ated by negative stereotypes of outgroups.
B) Because implicit prejudices are activated automatically, they are unchangeable.
C) Implicit prejudices affect different types of behavior than do explicit prejudices.
D) Implicit prejudices begin to form at an early age.

Question 14

A key tenet of the theory of modern-symbolic prejudice is that anti-Black prejudice is based on

A) the belief that Black people are inherently inferior to White people.
B) beliefs about Black people as an abstract group rather than from direct experi- ences with Black people.
C) a feeling of indifference toward Black people.
D) conflicting emotions about Black people.

Question 15

----------------prejudice is a set of beliefs about Black people as an abstract group rather than as specific individuals.

A) Ambivalent
B) Aversive
C) Modern-symbolic
D) Old-fashioned

Question 16

----------------is based on the belief in the biological inferiority of Black people.

A) Symbolic prejudice
B) Pro-White bias
C) Old-fashioned prejudice
D) Aversive prejudice

Question 17

Which of the following is not a component of modern-symbolic prejudice?

A) Denial of continuing discrimination
B) Overt discrimination against members of outgroups
C) Mild to moderate negative feelings toward members of minority groups
D) Resentment over "special favors" given to African American people

Question 18

An individual who endorses the belief system of modern-symbolic prejudice is least
Likely to make which of the following statements?

A) If Black people worked as hard as White people and members of other minority groups, they could raise their standard of living.
B) Racial prejudice is a thing of the past.
C) Black people get a larger share of the economic pie than they deserve.
D) Government programs favoring Black people and members of other minority groups are still needed to overcome race-based discrimination.

Question 19

Which of these emotions is most likely experienced by people with modern-symbolic prejudice when interacting with members of minority groups?

A) Anxiety
B) Hate
C) Hostility
D) Liking

Question 20

Compared to White peoples' attitudes toward African Americans, Black peoples' atti- tudes toward White people are more likely to be based on

A) beliefs about Whites as an abstract group.
B) portrayals of White people in popular media.
C) political beliefs, such as liberalism-conservatism.
D) personal experiences with White people.

Question 21

Which of the following is not a factor underlying modern-symbolic prejudice?

A) Mild to moderate anti-Black emotions
B) Belief in traditional values
C) Rejection of equality of opportunity as a basic principle
D) Little personal knowledge of Black people

Question 22

A White person who is high on modern-symbolic prejudice-------------------equality of opportunity as a social goal and-------------------equality of outcomes as a social goal.

A) rejects; endorses
B) endorses; rejects
C) endorses; endorses
D) rejects; rejects

Question 23

----------------is a value system that reflects the belief that people from all social groups should be treated fairly.

A) Egalitarianism
B) Socialization
C) Benevolence
D) Post-modernism

Question 24

----------------is the belief that everyone should have an equal and fair chance at suc- cess in life and that one function of the government is ensuring this equality.

A) Equality of opportunity
B) Equality of outcome
C) Group self-interest
D) Group privilege

Question 25

----------------is the belief that government should ensure that everyone receives an equal share of society's resources.

A) Equality of opportunity
B) Equality of outcome
C) Group self-interest
D) Group privilege

Question 26

People with modern-symbolic prejudice

A) believe that all races endorse traditional American values.
B) believe that government intervention is necessary to ensure equality of outcomes.
C) support affirmative action programs as a remedy for past discrimination.
D) have little personal knowledge of Black people.

Question 27

A key aspect of modern-symbolic prejudice is that it

A) allows people to be overtly racist in the right setting.
B) provides justification for the belief that hard work alone is not sufficient to over- come race-based discrimination.
C) allows people to support intergroup equality in principle while still opposing specific social policies designed to promote that equality.
D) provides justification for the special favors Black people receive.

Question 28

Under what condition(s) are people with modern-symbolic prejudice likely to exhibit discriminatory behavior?

A) When they are consciously aware of their prejudices
B) When their behavior can be attributed to non-racial causes
C) When doing so gives an advantage to Black people
D) Discriminatory behavior is likely under all of the above conditions

Question 29

Modern-symbolic prejudice is characterized by

A) high scores on measures of both explicit modern prejudice and implicit prejudice.
B) low scores on measures of implicit prejudice but high scores on measures of explicit modern prejudice.
C) high scores on measures of implicit prejudice but low scores on measures of explicit modern prejudice.
D) low scores on both measures of implicit prejudice and explicit modern prejudice.

Question 30

Kaleb tries to avoid all contact with Black people, and when forced to interact with them, is usually polite but distant. Kaleb's behavior is best described as stemming from

A) aversive racism.
B) subtle prejudice.
C) old-fashioned racism.
D) blatant racism.

Question 31

When interracial contact is unavoidable, people with aversive prejudice are likely to

A) try to prolong the interaction.
B) experience strong, negative emotions.
C) overcompensate by showing a pro-White bias.
D) stick to clearly established behavioral norms.

Question 32

White people who experience aversive prejudice

A) almost always discriminate against Black people.
B) almost never discriminate against Black people.
C) behave inconsistently toward Black people, depending on the situation.
D) feel little emotion when interacting with Black people.

Question 33

Researchers who study aversive prejudice focus on

A) individual differences in aversive prejudice.
B) identifying the situational conditions that lead to discrimination.
C) strong, negative emotional responses to minorities.
D) how the socialization process leads to discrimination.

Question 34

Aversive prejudice is characterized by

A) high scores on measures of both explicit modern prejudice and implicit prejudice.
B) low scores on measures of implicit prejudice but high scores on measures of explicit modern prejudice.
C) high scores on measures of implicit prejudice but low scores on measures of explicit modern prejudice.
D) low scores on both measures of implicit prejudice and explicit modern prejudice.

Question 35

Which of the following predictions is consistent with the theory of aversive prejudice?

A) When given the opportunity, White people will avoid contact with Black people.
B) People in an ambiguous situation will overcompensate and behave very posi- tively toward Black people.
C) Individuals respond differently to Black people, depending on their degree of aversive prejudice.
D) People are more likely to discriminate against lower status, rather than higher status, Black people.

Question 36

The theory of aversive prejudice would predict that White people are likely to be most comfortable

A) dating a Black person.
B) living in an integrated neighborhood.
C) sharing a dorm room with a Black person.
D) being in a college class with a few Black students.

Question 37

According to the theory of aversive prejudice, White people are most comfortable with Black people in

A) ambiguous situations.
B) low intimacy situations.
C) situations that involve prolonged contact.
D) situations where several people are present.

Question 38

According to the theory of aversive prejudice, White people avoid contact with Black people because this contact

A) might lead other White people to form a negative opinion of them for associating with Black people.
B) makes them feel anxious and uncomfortable.
C) makes them uncertain about how to behave.
D) all of the above.

Question 39

Because of a desire to appear unprejudiced, how is a White supervisor likely to respond to a poor job performance on the part of a Black employee?

A) By giving short but accurate feedback about the performance.
B) By firing the Black employee.
C) By emphasizing positive aspects of the performance and downplaying negative aspects.
D) By emphasizing negative aspects of the performance and downplaying positive aspects.

Question 40

According to the theory of aversive prejudice, under which conditions is a Black job applicant most likely to be hired over a White job applicant?

A) When both candidates had a strong interview.
B) When both candidates had a weak interview.
C) When the interview outcome was ambiguous.
D) Either b or c

Question 41

A manager must choose between a White job applicant and a Black job applicant. The two applicants have equal qualifications, but those qualifications are mixed: Both are high on some desirable characteristics but low on others. The theory of aversive prejudice would predict that the manager would

A) choose the White applicant because they could rationalize their rejection of the Black applicant on the basis of the applicant's negative characteristics.
B) choose the Black applicant out of concern that choosing the White applicant would make them appear to be prejudiced.
C) choose the Black applicant because the manager's egalitarian values would lead them to perceive the Black applicant's positive characteristics as more positive than the White applicant's positive characteristics.
D) use some random procedure to choose between the two applicants because they are equally qualified.

Question 42

According to the theory of aversive prejudice, other things being equal, a White per- son would be most uncomfortable interacting with a Black

A) university president.
B) college student.
C) plumber.
D) high school basketball star.

Question 43

According to your textbook, Black families who live in predominantly White neigh- borhoods and want to sell their homes should put belongings that indicate their race (such as family photos) in "The Box." Which theory of prejudice is characterized by this recommendation?

A) Ambivalent prejudice
B) Aversive prejudice
C) Modern-symbolic prejudice
D) Old-fashioned prejudice

Question 44

The theory of-------------------proposes that White people hold both positive and negative stereotypes of African Americans and therefore respond both positively and negatively to them.

A) aversive prejudice
B) ambivalent prejudice
C) modern-symbolic prejudice
D) response amplification

Question 45

Which value emphasizes personal responsibility and self-reliance?

A) Egalitarianism
B) Humanitarianism
C) Egocentrism
D) Individualism

Question 46

People who value egalitarianism would agree that

A) we should help others who can't meet their own basic needs.
B) everyone needs to take responsibility for their own success.
C) hard work is the key to a happy life.
D) the poor will always be poor and helping them will make no difference.

Question 47

According to the theory of ambivalent prejudice, people reduce the conflict that results from holding contradictory beliefs by

A) responding negatively toward minority group members.
B) taking themselves out of the situation.
C) emphasizing one aspect of their attitudes over the other.
D) accepting the psychological discomfort.

Question 48

A White person holding-------------------values and-------------------stereotypes is likely to be consistently positive in their behavior toward Black people.

A) individualistic; negative
B) egalitarian; positive
C) individualistic; positive
D) egalitarian; negative

Question 49

Ambivalent prejudice can arise from

A) a person's holding two conflicting values simultaneously.
B) group stereotypes that include both positive and negative components.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 50

According to the theory of ambivalent prejudice, ambivalent attitudes affect behavior toward members of minority groups

A) regardless of whether the person is consciously aware of the inconsistency.
B) only when the person becomes aware of their inconsistent feelings.
C) only when the initial stereotypes are negative.
D) when negative, but not positive, emotions are elicited.

Question 51

----------------refers to behavior toward a stigmatized person that is more extreme than behavior toward a non-stigmatized but similar person.

A) Behavioral confirmation
B) Response bias
C) Response amplification
D) Behavioral intensification

Question 52

What determines the direction of response amplification?

A) Situational cues that call for positive or negative responses
B) Positive or negative emotions
C) The perceiver's past experience with minorities
D) Whether the target is a member of a stigmatized group

Question 53

Response amplification becomes stronger

A) when a minority and majority group member actually interact.
B) as the degree of a person's attitude ambivalence increases.
C) as the degree of subjectivity of a decision being made about a target person increases.
D) when attitudes are being expressed at the individual (and not the group) level.

Question 54

Response amplification occurs only when people

A) are experiencing positive emotions.
B) have had their stereotypes primed.
C) are too accepting of minority groups.
D) see ambivalence as being negative.

Question 55

John believes most African Americans are athletic, musical, and have strong family ties. These beliefs reflect-------------------prejudice toward African American people.

A) hostile
B) aversive
C) old-fashioned
D) benevolent

Question 56

Benevolent prejudice

A) stems from hostile emotions about minority group members.
B) does not result in discrimination.
C) can be used as a justification for maintaining the status quo.
D) is misnamed because it is not really a form of prejudice.

Question 57

Which of the following is not an explanation for why benevolent prejudice is harmful?

A) It allows people to stereotype others without feeling guilty.
B) It leads to changes in the status quo.
C) It focuses on prejudice that members of stereotyped groups might accept as con- ventional wisdom.
D) It makes it easy for stereotypes to move from descriptive to prescriptive.

Question 58

Which of the following statements best reflects benevolent prejudice?

A) Black people are loud and irresponsible.
B) When Latinx people lose fairly, they claim discrimination.
C) Women should be cherished and protected by men.
D) All of the above reflect benevolent prejudice.

Question 59

Unprejudiced people tend to

A) be open to new experiences.
B) see themselves as belonging to many different social groups.
C) view differences among people as enriching and interesting.
D) have all of the above characteristics.

Question 60

Which of the following types of intergroup attitude has received the least attention by researchers?

A) Old-fashioned prejudice
B) Aversive prejudice
C) Lack of prejudice
D) Ambivalent prejudice

Question 61

White people with-------------------are likely to have strong negative emotional reac- tions to Black people.

A) aversive prejudice
B) subtle prejudice
C) old-fashioned prejudice
D) all of the above

Question 62

Which type of prejudice is characterized by a lack of acceptance of group equality and endorsement of traditional racist beliefs?

A) Old-fashioned
B) Aversive
C) Modern-symbolic
D) Ambivalent

Question 63

Which type of prejudice often results in a pro-minority bias to avoid appearing prejudiced?

A) Old-fashioned
B) Aversive
C) Blatant
D) Ambivalent

Question 64

Which type of prejudice leads perceivers to experience conflict between traditional and egalitarian beliefs or between positive and negative stereotypes of minority groups?

A) Old-fashioned
B) Aversive
C) Subtle
D) Ambivalent

Question 65

Give two examples of how prejudice has changed over time.

Question 66

Are people becoming less prejudiced? Explain your

Question 67

What is the bogus pipeline technique? What do results of research that uses this tech- nique tell us about prejudice in today's society?

Question 68

Describe two forms of everyday discrimination that have been reported by women or members of minority groups.

Question 69

Define Jim Crow racism. List two U.S. laws that supported this form of racism.

Question 70

Describe two events in U.S. history that changed the norms that supported Jim Crow racism.

Question 71

What are contemporary prejudices? How are they different from old-fashioned prejudice?

Question 72

Explain the difference between implicit and explicit prejudice. Give an example of each.

Question 73

Describe one of the propositions shared by theories of contemporary prejudice.

Question 74

List three of the beliefs that characterize modern-symbolic prejudice.

Question 75

Describe three of the psychological factors that underlie modern-symbolic prejudice.

Question 76

Distinguish between equality of outcome and equality of opportunity. Why is this distinction important to understanding modern-symbolic prejudice?

Question 77

Under what conditions does modern-symbolic prejudice lead to discrimination?

Question 78

Define aversive prejudice. Describe one way it is similar to and one way it differs from modern-symbolic prejudice.

Question 79

Describe two ways aversive prejudice is reflected in White people's behavior toward Black people, according to research described in your text.

Question 80

What are the two incompatible values that underlie aversive prejudice?