Deck 6: Individual Differences and Prejudice

Question 1

----------------are the enduring beliefs people hold concerning the relative impor- tance of their goals.

A) Expectations
B) Values
C) Symbolic beliefs
D) Ideologies

Answer 1

B

Question 2

----------------is the value that places a strong emphasis on self-reliance.

A) Individualism
B) Egalitarianism
C) Universalism
D) Religiosity

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Connie is a strong believer in the Protestant work ethic. Which value is most closely related to this belief?

A) Egalitarianism
B) Religious involvement
C) Acceptance
D) Individualism

Answer 3

D

Question 4

People who adhere to the principle of individualism tend to be prejudiced against groups that are

A) condemned by authority figures.
B) seen as competing for societal resources.
C) challenging the status quo.
D) stereotyped as being lazy and self-indulgent.

Question 5

The relationship between the Protestant work ethic and prejudice is strongest in-------------------cultures.

A) Western
B) Asian
C) traditional African
D) Native American

Question 6

Individuals who agree with the statement "People who are unable to provide for their basic needs should be helped by others" hold which value?

A) Individualism
B) Egalitarianism
C) Religious involvement
D) Mortality salience

Question 7

facilitates prejudice whereas-------------------inhibits prejudice.

A) Intergroup anxiety; individualism
B) Egalitarianism; intergroup anxiety
C) Individualism; egalitarianism
D) Egalitarianism; individualism

Question 8

Individuals who hold which value are least likely to be prejudiced?

A) Egalitarianism
B) Dissimilarity
C) Individualism
D) Symbolic threat

Question 9

According to the value difference hypothesis, prejudice is based on the belief that outgroup members

A) deserve equal treatment.
B) do not adhere to the Protestant work ethic.
C) demand an unfair share of resources.
D) hold values that conflict with those of the ingroup.

Question 10

Dolores is a heterosexual woman who believes that gay men do not share her values. According to the value difference hypothesis, Dolores is likely to

A) be prejudiced against gay men.
B) be accepting of gay men anyway.
C) believe that gay men respect her values.
D) be motivated to defend her beliefs in interactions with gay men.

Question 11

The-------------------model proposes that prejudice stems from the perception that minority group members' characteristics are contrary to majority group values.

A) value dissimilarity
B) social dominance
C) instrumental
D) attribution-value

Question 12

"If fat people wanted to, they could lose weight." This statement is consistent with the-------------------model of prejudice.

A) terror management
B) mortality salience
C) attribution-value
D) perspective-taking

Question 13

Research on the attribution-value model shows that people are least likely to be preju- diced toward lesbians and gay men when they believe that

A) all gay people are alike.
B) sexual orientation is largely due to factors not under a person's control.
C) anyone who really wants to can change their sexual orientation.
D) people who are gay are also lazy.

Question 14

The term essentialism, when applied to groups, refers to the belief(s) that

A) all members of a group are similar to one another.
B) knowing that a person is a member of a group provides useful information about what the person is like.
C) people are either similar to members of the group or not; there is no in-between state.
D) all of the above.

Question 15

When applied to social groups, the term naturalness refers to the belief(s) that

A) group membership is biologically based.
B) people can choose to leave their current group to join another group.
C) natural groups are superior to socially defined groups.
D) all of the above.

Question 16

The attribution-value model is most accurate at predicting prejudice toward groups that are high on-------------------and low on---------------.

A) essentialism; naturalness
B) naturalness; essentialism
C) personal values; group values
D) group values; personal values

Question 17

The attribution-value model would be least applicable to prejudices based on

A) race.
B) political orientation.
C) religion.
D) sexual orientation.

Question 18

According to terror management theory, challenges to one's cultural beliefs

A) lead to depression.
B) increase prejudice.
C) decrease mortality salience.
D) increase the outgroup homogeneity effect.

Question 19

According to terror management theory, if you are asked to think about your own death, you will

A) be more accepting of individuals from other cultures.
B) come to question your own cultural values.
C) treat people similarly, regardless of whether their behavior confirms or discon- firms your stereotypes.
D) derogate individuals whose values differ from your own.

Question 20

People who have been led to think about their own death tend to like members of minority groups who

A) conform to the stereotypes of their groups.
B) are disabled.
C) violate the stereotypes of their group.
D) are high achievers.

Question 21

According to terror management theory-------------------mortality salience-------------------prejudice.

A) decreasing; decreases
B) increasing; increases
C) increasing; decreases
D) decreasing; increases

Question 22

After undergoing a mortality salience manipulation, White research participants tend to-------------------compared to participants who have not undergone the manipulation.

A) express more prejudice against minority groups
B) prefer members of minority groups who conform to the stereotypes of their group over those who violate the stereotypes
C) be more sympathetic toward racists
D) do all of the above

Question 23

The combination of mortality salience and high identification with one's ingroup leads people to

A) tolerate acts of racism that they would otherwise condemn.
B) become depressed.
C) develop less favorable attitudes toward their ingroup.
D) become less tolerant of acts of racism.

Question 24

Proscribed prejudices are prejudices that members of a religious group

A) are expected to hold.
B) are allowed, but not expected, to hold.
C) are expected not to hold.
D) are expected to be tolerant of.

Question 25

People with a(n)-------------------religious orientation use religion as a way to achieve non-religious goals.

A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic
C) agnostic
D) fundamentalist

Question 26

A person agreeing with the statement, "To lead the best, most meaningful life, one must belong to the one, true religion" likely has a(n)-------------------religious orientation.

A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic
C) multicultural
D) fundamentalist

Question 27

People who score high on self-rated religiosity, intrinsic religiosity, and religious fundamentalism are most likely to score high on measures of-------------------prejudices.

A) racial
B) permitted
C) proscribed
D) both permitted and proscribed

Question 28

Research on the relationship between religious orientation and prejudice suggests that

A) within a religious orientation, prejudice is either universally permitted or uni- versally prohibited.
B) knowing people's religious orientation informs us about their attitudes, but not about their behavior, toward minority groups.
C) there is no universally tolerant religious orientation.
D) one's religious beliefs cause them to be prejudiced (or not).

Question 29

Religious fundamentalism is

A) unrelated to prejudice.
B) positively related to prejudice.
C) negatively related to prejudice.
D) related to some forms of prejudice but not to other forms.

Question 30

----------------are sets of attitudes and beliefs that predispose people to view the world in certain ways and to respond in ways consistent with those viewpoints.

A) Social ideologies
B) Personality traits
C) Dispositions
D) Emotions

Question 31

The concept of the authoritarian personality was developed as a means to explain

A) public opinion against gay marriage.
B) the rise of fascism in the 1930s.
C) general rebellion against authority.
D) acceptance of slavery in the early to mid 1800s.

Question 32

Theodor Adorno and his colleagues hypothesized that the Holocaust could be explained by large numbers of people

A) accepting that if they did not cooperate with the genocide, they too would be killed.
B) believing that biology is destiny and the races needed to be purified.
C) being engaged in unthinking acceptance of authority.
D) believing that intergroup conflict could not be otherwise resolved.

Question 33

Which of the following is characteristic of right-wing authoritarianism?

A) A high degree of submission to authorities
B) Aggression that is perceived to be permitted by authorities
C) A high degree of adherence to traditional social norms
D) All of the above

Question 34

Which of the following is not a characteristic of people who are high in right-wing authoritarianism?

A) Doing and thinking what authority figures tell one to do and think.
B) Desiring that one's ingroup dominate and be superior to other groups.
C) Being aggressive toward people and groups condemned by authority figures.
D) Adhering to traditional values and social norms.

Question 35

The statement "strong, tough government will help, not harm, our country" repre- sents the-------------------component of right-wing authoritarianism.

A) stereotyping
B) authoritarian submission
C) authoritarian aggression
D) conventionalism

Question 36

Right-wing authoritarianism is

A) a personality type, rather than a set of attitudes.
B) more common in those who are highly engaged in the political process.
C) related to prejudice based on ethnicity, but not other types of prejudice.
D) more common in people who are rigid and inflexible.

Question 37

Camille sees the world as a dangerous place, wants definite answers to questions, and prefers not to try new things or ideas. Camille would likely score high on a measure of

A) right-wing authoritarianism.
B) social dominance orientation.
C) political conservatism.
D) mortality salience.

Question 38

Right-wing authoritarians are especially likely to be prejudiced against

A) authority figures.
B) individuals with strong political beliefs.
C) members of groups condemned by authority figures.
D) people with traditional religious beliefs.

Question 39

A personnel manager who is high on right-wing authoritarianism is most likely to engage in hiring discrimination when

A) he thinks that his peers approve of hiring discrimination.
B) he thinks that his superiors approve of hiring discrimination.
C) discrimination can be justified on a basis other than prejudice.
D) he sees the group he discriminates against as being in competition with his own group.

Question 40

People high in-------------------want their ingroup to be dominant and to be superior to outgroups.

A) right-wing authoritarianism
B) value conflict
C) egalitarianism
D) social dominance orientation

Question 41

The two components of social dominance orientation are

A) submission to authority and group-based aggression.
B) group-based dominance and opposition to equality.
C) social conventionalism and group-based dominance.
D) closed-mindedness and social projectivity.

Question 42

Who is most likely to score high on a measure of social dominance orientation?

A) A lawyer
B) A feminist
C) A minority group member
D) A poor person

Question 43

People high in social dominance orientation tend to

A) be firm believers in social justice.
B) have high status positions in society.
C) be unconcerned about power.
D) readily follow recommendations from authority figures.

Question 44

Devon says, "It is probably a good thing that certain groups are on the top in society and that other groups are on the bottom." Devon would probably score high on

A) social dominance orientation.
B) value dissimilarity.
C) egalitarianism.
D) right-wing authoritarianism.

Question 45

People high in social dominance orientation

A) are prejudiced against those who support the status quo.
B) are competitive and tough-minded.
C) reject a society's legitimizing myths.
D) believe there is enough for everyone.

Question 46

Compared to people who score low on social dominance orientation, those who score high

A) tend to view the world in terms of competition rather than cooperation.
B) are more likely to classify other people as members of outgroups.
C) experience positive emotions when bad things happen to outgroup members.
D) are characterized by all of the above.

Question 47

Compared to people who score low on social dominance orientation, those who score high

A) tend to view the world in terms of cooperation rather than competition.
B) are less likely to classify other people as members of outgroups.
C) feel freer to express their prejudices.
D) have less empathy for both outgroup and ingroup members.

Question 48

----------------are sets of attitudes and beliefs that are used to justify one's dominant position in society.

A) Authoritarian beliefs
B) Social justice tenets
C) Self-enhancement myths
D) Legitimizing myths

Question 49

Which of the following would not be a legitimizing myth in social dominance theory?

A) Multiculturalism is a good social policy.
B) Feminists undermine traditional American values.
C) Poor people are unintelligent.
D) Black people are lazy.

Question 50

Which of the following would be considered a legitimizing myth in social dominance theory?

A) An egalitarian value system
B) Negative stereotypes of outgroups
C) A liberal political ideology
D) A quest religious orientation

Question 51

----------------focuses on submission to ingroup authority figures;-------------------focuses on dominance over outgroups.

A) Social dominance orientation; right-wing authoritarianism
B) Right-wing authoritarianism; traditional authoritarianism
C) Right-wing authoritarianism; social dominance orientation
D) Social dominance orientation; traditional authoritarianism

Question 52

Which of the following is not a characteristic of people who score high on right-wing authoritarianism?

A) A tendency to view the world as a competitive jungle
B) Placing a high value on security and tradition
C) Being low on openness to new experiences
D) Being high on benevolent sexism

Question 53

Which of the following is not a characteristic of people who score high on social dominance orientation?

A) A tendency to view the world as a competitive jungle
B) Placing a high value on power, achievement, and self-enhancement
C) Being high on conformity, orderliness, and moralism
D) Being high on hostile sexism

Question 54

People who score high on-------------------are most likely to dislike immigrants who maintain their own culture and do not conform to the values of the dominant culture.

A) political liberalism
B) right-wing authoritarianism
C) social dominance orientation
D) extrinsic religiosity

Question 55

Which of the following may best explain the relationship between political conserva- tism and prejudice?

A) The relationship stems from prejudiced people's tendency to use a conservative belief system to justify their prejudice.
B) Some conservative individuals are high in social dominance orientation, and it is those conservatives who are prejudiced.
C) Prejudice is an inherent part of the conservative belief system.
D) Both a and b

Question 56

Conservatives are most likely to be prejudiced if they are also

A) aversive racists.
B) high on social dominance orientation.
C) in favor of government intervention.
D) mentally inflexible.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about the relationship between political orienta- tion and prejudice is false?

A) Political conservatives are more prejudiced than political liberals regardless of the target of prejudice.
B) Differences in people's value orientations, not their political beliefs, create the correlation between political conservatism and prejudice.
C) At least some of the difference in prejudice between political conservatives and political liberals is due to differences in social dominance orientation.
D) Both political conservatives and political liberals dislike members of minority groups who express value positions that differ from their own.

Question 58

Emotions are important in understanding prejudice because

A) emotions are aroused automatically without conscious control.
B) emotions motivate behavior.
C) emotions are unrelated to stereotypes.
D) a and b, but not c

Question 59

The stereotype content model organizes the relationship of stereotypes to emotions around which two dimensions?

A) Warmth (friendliness) and competence
B) Threat potential and attractiveness
C) Happiness and anger
D) Empathy-eliciting and anxiety-provoking

Question 60

According to the stereotype content model, groups that are perceived as low on warmth but high on competence elicit feelings of

A) admiration.
B) pity.
C) envy.
D) contempt.

Question 61

According to the stereotype content model, people with disabilities elicit feelings of pity in others because they are perceived as

A) high on both warmth and competence.
B) high on warmth but low on competence.
C) low on warmth but high on competence.
D) low on both warmth and competence.

Question 62

If people perceive that a group poses an economic threat to their own group, they are likely to feel-------------------toward that group.

A) anger
B) disgust
C) fear
D) pity

Question 63

Prejudice results when negative-------------------elicit negative-------------------.

A) emotions; behaviors
B) emotions; stereotypes
C) stereotypes; emotions
D) stereotypes; behaviors

Question 64

Members of groups that are stereotyped as-------------------are most likely to be dehumanized.

A) low on warmth but high on competence
B) low on both warmth and competence
C) high on warmth but low on competence
D) high on both warmth and competence

Question 65

The emotion most closely related to dehumanization is

A) anger.
B) fear.
C) pity.
D) disgust.

Question 66

----------------is the feeling of discomfort people may experience when interacting with members of outgroups.

A) Outgroup anticipation
B) Intergroup anxiety
C) Ingroup preference
D) Self-protection

Question 67

Intergroup anxiety stems from

A) the need to bolster one's self-esteem.
B) the concern that ingroup members will think one is prejudiced.
C) the concern that interacting with members of an outgroup will have negative consequences.
D) empathy toward those who experience discrimination.

Question 68

Intergroup anxiety can result from concerns about

A) members of the person's own group ridiculing them for associating with out- group members.
B) how to interact properly with outgroup members.
C) outgroup members viewing the person as being prejudiced against them.
D) all of the above.

Question 69

Associating with people who are similar to ourselves creates a feeling of security because similarity

A) keeps life simple.
B) helps us feel psychologically safe.
C) helps us feel sane.
D) performs all of the above functions.

Question 70

A particular strength of the intergroup anxiety concept is that, unlike many other theories of prejudice, it

A) is simpler because it does not use the concept of stereotyping.
B) does not require that people form expectations about the outcomes of interac- tions with members of other groups.
C) addresses only prejudice, not behavior.
D) explains minority group members' attitudes toward the majority group as well as majority group members' attitudes toward minority groups.

Question 71

Interacting with outgroup members in highly structured situations reduces inter- group anxiety because such situations

A) induce positive emotions.
B) make it easy for people to predict and control what happens.
C) tend to reduce feelings of empathy for other people.
D) tend to reduce feelings of intergroup competition.

Question 72

A person is least likely to experience intergroup anxiety

A) while being interviewed about prejudice by an outgroup member.
B) during a free-flowing general conversation with an outgroup member.
C) during a job interview with an outgroup member.
D) when meeting a member of an unfamiliar outgroup for the first time.

Question 73

Most research on the relationship between empathy and prejudice has focused on the-------------------component of empathy.

A) empathic concern
B) personal distress
C) perspective-taking
D) empathic fantasy

Question 74

When evaluating a situation, Emiko readily adopts the psychological viewpoint of the others involved. Emiko has the ability to

A) show empathic concern.
B) avoid personal distress.
C) engage in perspective-taking.
D) engage in empathic fantasy.

Question 75

People high in empathy

A) tend to be low in prejudice.
B) are often high in social dominance orientation.
C) avoid conflict.
D) exhibit all of the above characteristics.

Question 76

Jean-Jacques is less likely to be prejudiced toward a person with a disability when he

A) can see himself in that person's situation.
B) has few details about the source of the disability.
C) believes he is unlikely to ever be disabled.
D) can be objective and focus only on the facts.

Question 77

Perspective-taking leads to lower prejudice because people who take an outgroup member's perspective on events

A) experience low levels of social dominance orientation.
B) see the outgroup member as being similar to themselves.
C) experience emotions that promote approach behaviors rather than avoidance behaviors.
D) recognize that outgroup members also hold prejudices.

Question 78

What are values? Describe one way in which values can be related to prejudice.

Question 79

Describe the values of individualism and egalitarianism. Explain how each is related to prejudice.

Question 80

Explain the value difference hypothesis and how it relates to prejudice.