Deck 9: From Prejudice to Discrimination

Question 1

----------------consists of behaving differently toward people based solely or primar- ily on their membership in a social group.

A) Stereotyping
B) Prejudice
C) Discrimination
D) Scapegoating

Answer 1

C

Question 2

----------------consists of unequal and harmful treatment that is intentional, visible, and easily documented.

A) Blatant prejudice
B) Subtle prejudice
C) Blatant discrimination
D) Subtle discrimination

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is not an example of blatant discrimination?

A) Threatening Muslims outside their mosque.
B) Refusing service to a Jewish person.
C) Denying housing to a lesbian.
D) Using baby talk when speaking to an older person.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

----------------discrimination often goes unnoticed because the behaviors are seen as normal or natural.

A) Covert
B) Organizational
C) Blatant
D) Subtle

Question 5

Subtle discrimination is

A) easier to document than blatant discrimination.
B) usually intentional.
C) often overlooked because it seems normal or customary.
D) usually harmless.

Question 6

Sukja tells her friends that gay men's behavior is out of step with what men should be like. Which linguistic form of subtle discrimination describes her action?

A) Abnormalization
B) Vanishing
C) Controlling talk
D) Hostile humor

Question 7

Homer often tells jokes about "dumb blondes," and when blonde women object he responds by suggesting they can't take a joke. Homer is using which form of subtle discrimination?

A) Abnormalization
B) Vanishing
C) Controlling talk
D) Hostile humor

Question 8

Which of the following statements is an example of the linguistic form of subtle dis- crimination called vanishing?

A) Nathaniel Alexander received the patent for the folding chair in 1911.
B) Peanut butter was developed in Tuskegee, Alabama.
C) Madame C. J. Walker revolutionized the hair care industry for African Americans.
D) Sally Ride was the first American woman to orbit the earth.

Question 9

Microaggressions are

A) instances of negative behavior toward members of outgroups that are typically intentional and quite visible.
B) small-scale everyday behaviors that demean outgroups or members of those groups.
C) instances of negative behavior toward members of outgroups that are seen as normal, natural, or customary by the people performing them.
D) large-scale behaviors that are hidden, purposeful, and designed to ensure that members of outgroups fail in a situation.

Question 10

Which of the following responses pairs together two concepts that are most similar to each other?

A) Microaggressions, subtle discrimination
B) Subtle discrimination, covert discrimination
C) Covert discrimination, microaggressions
D) Blatant discrimination, covert discrimination

Question 11

Which of the following behaviors would exemplify microaggression by a majority group member?

A) Ignoring a minority group member's contributions to a class discussion.
B) A taxi driver ignoring a minority group member who is hailing their cab because that minority group is stereotyped as dangerous.
C) Assuming that an individual member of a minority group can speak on behalf of all members of that group.
D) All of the above.

Question 12

Microaggressions are characterized by

A) a desire to ensure that members of minority groups fail at important tasks.
B) attempts to harm members of minority groups economically.
C) a lack of hostile intent.
D) strong feelings of explicit prejudice.

Question 13

----------------discrimination is unequal and harmful treatment that is hidden, pur- poseful, and often maliciously motivated.

A) Covert
B) Organizational
C) Blatant
D) Subtle

Question 14

Charles Montgomery Burns has hired two women to work at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant but has assigned them to low-level jobs with little opportunity for advancement. His actions most likely reflect-------------------discrimination.

A) cultural
B) covert
C) blatant
D) subtle

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of interpersonal discrimination?

A) Seating a White person before a Black person who arrived first.
B) Passing a law that forbids employers from offering benefits to same-sex domestic partners.
C) Putting lower-quality products in stores located in low-income neighborhoods.
D) Choosing art that depicts only White people for a museum.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the relationship between prejudice and dis- crimination is true?

A) There is no relationship between people's level of prejudice and how likely it is that they will perform discriminatory behaviors.
B) People's emotional reactions to a group better predict discrimination than their stereotypes of the group.
C) People's stereotypes of a group better predict discrimination than their overall level of prejudice toward the group.
D) The relationship between prejudice and discrimination is much weaker than the relationship between attitudes and other types of behavior.

Question 17

According to the theory of planned behavior, which of the following factors influence a person's intentions to perform a behavior?

A) The person's attitude toward performing the behavior.
B) The degree to which the person sees social norms as supporting the behavior.
C) The degree to which the person believes they have control over the behavior.
D) All of the above influence a person's intentions to perform a behavior.

Question 18

According to the theory of planned behavior, which of the following is the best pre- dictor of whether a person will perform a discriminatory behavior against a member of an outgroup?

A) The person's level of prejudice against the outgroup
B) The number of negative stereotypes the person holds regarding the outgroup
C) The degree of intergroup anxiety the person experiences in regard to the outgroup
D) The person's attitude toward performing that particular discriminatory behavior

Question 19

According to the theory of planned behavior, how do intergroup attitudes affect dis- criminatory behavior?

A) They directly cause discriminatory behavior.
B) They affect discriminatory behavior indirectly by influencing the degree to which discriminatory behavior is seen as being in line with social norms.
C) They affect discriminatory behavior indirectly by influencing attitudes toward discriminatory behavior.
D) They have no influence, either directly or indirectly, on discriminatory behavior.

Question 20

According to the stereotype content model, people who feel contempt toward a group are likely to behave in ways that

A) harm that group.
B) directly help that group.
C) do not help that group but do not harm it either.
D) both help and hinder that group.

Question 21

People with disabilities are often actively helped by others, such as by having doors held open for them, but also excluded from activities unrelated to their disabilities. According to the stereotype content model, people with disabilities experience these responses because they elicit feelings of-------------------in others.

A) admiration
B) contempt
C) anger
D) pity

Question 22

According to the stereotype content model, a person who feels disgust toward a group is likely to react to members of that group by

A) being actively aggressive toward them.
B) avoiding them.
C) helping them.
D) being passively aggressive toward them.

Question 23

Research shows that social norms

A) can either prohibit or permit discriminatory behavior.
B) have no influence on discriminatory behavior.
C) are unrelated to norms that prohibit discriminatory behavior against members of a group.
D) are unrelated to norms regarding the permissibility of prejudice against that group.

Question 24

Research on the relationship of social norms to prejudice has demonstrated that

A) there are strong social norms against prejudices of any type.
B) when people believe prejudice toward a group is acceptable, they also believe discriminating against that group is acceptable.
C) good group members abstain from discrimination against all social groups.
D) people's expressed level of prejudice is not affected by the desire for social approval.

Question 25

Motivation to control prejudiced responses can result from

A) a personal belief system that holds that prejudice is wrong.
B) a desire to comply with other people's expectations that one not act in a preju- diced manner.
C) a desire to avoid arguments over one's beliefs and behaviors that might appear to reflect prejudice.
D) any of the above.

Question 26

Madison holds the strong personal belief that prejudice is wrong. She is guided by which motivation to control prejudiced responses?

A) Internal motivation
B) External motivation
C) Restraint to avoid dispute
D) Norm compliance

Question 27

Micah avoids doing anything that might appear to be prejudiced because all his friends think that prejudice is wrong. Micah is guided by which motivation to control prejudiced responses?

A) Internal motivation
B) External motivation
C) Vicarious compliance
D) Empathic concern

Question 28

Jacques dislikes arguments and therefore is careful not to make remarks about minor- ity groups that people might object to. Jacques is guided by which motivation to control prejudiced responses?

A) Internal motivation
B) External motivation
C) Restraint to avoid dispute
D) Empathic concern

Question 29

A person with which of the following characteristics is least likely to exhibit preju- diced responses?

A) Negative implicit attitudes and low motivation to control prejudiced responses.
B) Low external motivation to control prejudiced responses.
C) High internal motivation to control prejudiced responses.
D) Negative explicit attitudes and low motivation to control prejudiced responses.

Question 30

Marcella is high on external motivation to control prejudiced responses and low on internal motivation. If she is put in settings in which she cannot avoid intergroup contact, she is most likely to

A) focus more on trying to avoid appearing prejudiced than on having a friendly conversation.
B) feel frustrated by having to control any feelings of prejudice that they have.
C) report feeling pressured to act in a "politically correct" manner.
D) do all of the above.

Question 31

Ironically, being high on-------------------is associated with higher scores on measures of prejudice.

A) external motivation to control prejudiced responses
B) restraint to avoid dispute
C) internal motivation to control prejudiced responses
D) empathic distress

Question 32

Richard, who is moderately prejudiced against Asians, finds himself in a situation in which all the other people present roundly condemn such prejudices. Richard is most likely to

A) ignore the other people's opinions and express his feelings about Asians.
B) express opinions that are consistent with the non-prejudiced norm exhibited by the other people.
C) react against the non-prejudiced norm and express extremely prejudiced opinions.
D) form a new view of Asians that is a compromise between his original beliefs and the non-prejudiced norm.

Question 33

People who want not to be prejudiced sometimes exhibit prejudiced behavior. Which of the following is not related to that phenomenon?

A) Prejudice "leaking out" through behaviors, such as non-verbal cues, over which people have little control
B) High levels of cognitive demand
C) A high level of executive function
D) Increased motivation to comply with social norms

Question 34

Older people are often more likely to make prejudiced comments than are younger people. According to research, the best explanation for this phenomenon is that

A) older people grew up in a more prejudiced social environment and so learned that prejudice is socially acceptable.
B) older people have less motivation to control prejudice.
C) levels of prejudice naturally increase with age.
D) executive function declines with age, so older people have less ability to control prejudiced responses.

Question 35

Lianne is generally motivated to avoid prejudiced responses. However, under some conditions, she does discriminate against minority group members. She is least likely to do so when she

A) can be easily identified.
B) is very angry.
C) is under the influence of alcohol.
D) has overheard others making a derogatory comment about minorities.

Question 36

People may be more likely to express prejudiced attitudes in online forums than in face-to-face interactions because

A) people can hide their true identities online by using made-up user names.
B) many online forums are not monitored, so people feel that they cannot be penal- ized by authority figures such as forum moderators.
C) social networking sites allow prejudiced users to connect with other prejudiced people, providing social support for expressing prejudice.
D) all of the above reasons.

Question 37

Once people believe they have demonstrated their lack of prejudice, they sometimes then behave in a prejudiced manner. They behave in this way because they believe they have established their

A) external motivation to avoid prejudice.
B) regressive prejudice.
C) compliance with authority figures.
D) moral credentials as unprejudiced people.

Question 38

Sibadili is not a prejudiced person, but finds herself making derogatory comments about Americans. Research on reactions to having acted in a prejudiced manner sug- gests that Sibadili will

A) feel guilty.
B) decide she is a regressive racist.
C) rationalize her action.
D) be more likely to derogate Americans in the future.

Question 39

Nicole sees herself as non-prejudiced and feels guilty because she told a racist joke. In the future, Nichole is most likely to engage in which of the following behaviors?

A) Avoid Black people.
B) Tell sexist jokes.
C) Speak out against affirmative action.
D) Donate money to an anti-racism group.

Question 40

Discriminatory behavior against a member of an outgroup is less likely to have a negative effect on a person's self-image when

A) the person is high on internal motivation to control prejudiced responses.
B) the person believes that their behavior is a response to a threat from that outgroup.
C) the outgroup has high social status.
D) the outgroup poses little threat to the person's ingroup.

Question 41

In the-------------------technique, members of two social groups are matched on appearance, education, and job skills and sent to apply for jobs.

A) employment audit
B) résumé matching
C) performance evaluation
D) job search monitoring

Question 42

In the job search process, being a White applicant

A) carries few advantages these days.
B) increases the chances for an interview, even for less qualified applicants.
C) increases the chances for an interview, but not for a job offer.
D) decreases the chances of getting a good salary offer.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about discrimination in hiring is true?

A) White job applicants are more likely to be called for interviews than Black or Latinx applicants.
B) Given equal qualifications, a White job applicant who has a criminal record is just as likely to get a job interview as a Latinx applicant who does not have a criminal record.
C) A less qualified White job applicant is just as likely to get a job interview as a better qualified Black applicant.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 44

In order to increase their chances of getting a job interview, minority group appli- cants may "whiten" their résumés by

A) changing their first name to one that sounds more White.
B) omitting membership in ethnic group-related organizations.
C) including membership in organizations associated with White people.
D) doing any of the above.

Question 45

Research has shown that, compared to equally qualified minority group job appli- cants, majority group applicants are more likely to

A) be called for a job interview.
B) receive higher ratings on suitability for the job.
C) be offered higher starting salaries.
D) experience all of the above.

Question 46

Research on job performance evaluations shows that

A) there are few racial differences in performance evaluations.
B) White employees receive higher evaluations than either Black or Latinx employees.
C) overall, men's and women's job performance is evaluated similarly.
D) women are evaluated more favorably than men for jobs involving male-stereo- typed tasks.

Question 47

Black workers' level of job performance may suffer relative to White workers' because

A) Black workers receive less support and encouragement from their supervisors.
B) Black workers are subject to workplace microaggressions that adversely affect their job performance.
C) Black workers may have fewer on-the-job opportunities to display their skills.
D) all of the above reasons.

Question 48

Black managers are more likely to advance in an organization if they

A) supervise Black workers.
B) are tracked into a job with a high level of authority.
C) decline offers for mentorship and advice.
D) have a mentor who is a person of color.

Question 49

According to the shifting standards model, if a Black employee and a White employee perform at the same objective level, the Black employee would get a higher perfor- mance evaluation because the evaluator

A) was consciously trying to compensate for their racial biases.
B) expected less from the Black employee.
C) likes Black people better than White people.
D) respects Black people more than White people.

Question 50

Employer X rates a Black manager and a White manager both as "excellent" on a performance measure. According to the shifting standards model

A) the Black manager and the White manager are equally likely to be promoted.
B) the Black manager is more likely to be promoted even though his performance was less than expected on an objective basis.
C) the White manager is more likely to be promoted because his performance exceeded expectations on an objective basis.
D) promotion decisions will be based on a criterion other than performance evaluation.

Question 51

Jamal, a Black student majoring in psychology, has a mixed record. On the one hand, his psychology grade point average (GPA) is strong; on the other hand, his GPA in general education courses is weak. According to research on contemporary prejudice, how is his application for graduate school likely to be viewed, compared to Joe's, a White psychology major with similar credentials?

A) Jamal's application is likely to be viewed more positively than Joe's, regardless of who evaluates it.
B) Joe's application is likely to be viewed more positively than Jamal's, regardless of who evaluates it.
C) Joe's application is more likely to be viewed positively than Jamal's, but only by individuals high in prejudice.
D) Jamal's application is more likely to be viewed positively than Joe's, but only by individuals high in prejudice.

Question 52

When evaluating the credentials of a Black job applicant who has a mixture of good and poor qualifications, a prejudiced evaluator is likely to

A) give more weight to the negative information than to the positive information.
B) make an employment decision based on the "average" of the positive and nega- tive information.
C) give more weight to the positive information than to the negative information.
D) reject the applicant without considering any of the information.

Question 53

Under which of the following conditions is a minority worker least likely to be denied employment?

A) When the employer values teamwork and the majority of his employees are White people.
B) When company norms support discrimination.
C) When the customer base is primarily minority group members.
D) When the employer believes hiring minorities lowers morale and productivity.

Question 54

Research on workplace microaggressions has found that

A) microaggressions are rare in the workplace.
B) although workplace microaggressions occur, they have no effect on minority group members' work performance.
C) microaggressions that are communicated by email are just as harmful as those communicated face to face.
D) the secondary victimization effect does not occur with workplace microaggressions.

Question 55

The perception that there is an organizational norm to discriminate against minority group members is likely to affect the decisions of people who are high in

A) blatant prejudice.
B) commitment to the organization.
C) feelings of vicarious retribution.
D) emotional distancing.

Question 56

Hate crimes have that name because the victim is chosen based on the

A) perpetrator's personal animosity toward the victim.
B) perpetrator's desire for personal gain.
C) victim's previous negative behavior toward the perpetrator.
D) victim's social group membership.

Question 57

The majority of reported hate crime victims are

A) persons with a disability.
B) gays or lesbians.
C) members of ethnic minority groups.
D) members of non-Christian religions.

Question 58

Which of the following statements about the majority of hate crime offenders is true?

A) They are more likely to target property, such as by vandalism, than people.
B) They tend to avoid vandalizing places of worship.
C) They are likely to be under 24 years of age.
D) They hold extremely negative attitudes toward their victims' groups.

Question 59

Which of the following is least likely to be a motivation for engaging in a hate crime?

A) Negative intergroup attitudes
B) Thrill-seeking
C) Retaliation for a perceived offense
D) Ingroup defense

Question 60

Which of the following is the most frequent motivation for engaging in hate crime?

A) Commitment to a bigoted ideology
B) Thrill-seeking
C) Retaliation for a personal offense
D) Territorial defense

Question 61

Individuals who have a thrill-seeking motive for committing hate crimes are most likely to cite-------------------as a reason for committing the crime.

A) the desire to destroy things
B) boredom
C) animosity toward the victim or the victim's group
D) the desire to hurt others

Question 62

Burning a cross on the lawn of a minority group family that just moved into a neigh- borhood best reflects-------------------as motivation for engaging in hate crimes.

A) vicarious retribution
B) thrill-seeking
C) ingroup defense
D) peer group dynamics

Question 63

After the September 11, 2001, attack on the World Trade Center, some non-Arab Americans attacked anyone they thought had Arab ancestry even though those people had nothing to do with the World Trade Center attack.This behavior is an example of

A) vicarious retribution.
B) an attempt to attain optimal distinctiveness.
C) cultural discrimination.
D) behavior motivated by a negative social identity.

Question 64

Vicarious retribution tends to be motivated by

A) thrill-seeking.
B) ingroup defense.
C) normalization.
D) shifting standards.

Question 65

Compared with hate crime offenders who are thrill seekers, offenders motivated by peer group dynamics are more likely to

A) take personal responsibility for their actions.
B) be willing participants in the crime.
C) want to feel closer to their friends.
D) all of the above.

Question 66

Normalization refers to the belief that

A) hate crimes are motivated by the understandable anger of the perpetrator for the victim.
B) territorial defense is a normal response that people have toward outgroup members.
C) some types of hate crimes constitute a normal aspect of teenage development.
D) normal people do not commit hate crimes.

Question 67

Compared to victims of other types of crimes, hate crime victims experience

A) more severe psychological effects.
B) greater feelings of control.
C) less fear of the future.
D) fewer relationship problems.

Question 68

Hate crimes can have psychological effects on both the victim and on members of the victim's social group. This phenomenon is called

A) defensive victimization.
B) secondary victimization.
C) hate crime generalization.
D) spill over.

Question 69

Feelings of secondary victimization can result in

A) vicarious retribution.
B) members of victimized groups trying to conceal their group identities.
C) an increase in negative cognitive and emotional symptoms in members of vic- timized groups.
D) all of the above.

Question 70

Explain the difference between prejudice and discrimination. Describe one way in which they are related.

Question 71

Name two socially approved and two socially disapproved forms of discrimination.

Question 72

Distinguish among blatant, subtle, and covert discrimination and give an example of each.

Question 73

Briefly describe two ways that subtle prejudice can be conveyed in everyday speech.

Question 74

Define microaggressions. Describe two forms that microaggressions can take and give an example of each.

Question 75

Would you consider microaggressions to be a form of blatant, subtle, or covert discrimination?

Question 76

Explain why microaggressions fit into the category you chose and why they do not fit into the other categories.

Question 77

Briefly describe an instance of discrimination that you have observed. Would you consider it to be a form of blatant, subtle, or covert discrimination? Explain why it fits into the category you chose and why it does not fit into the other categories.

Question 78

Define interpersonal discrimination and give an example you have observed.

Question 79

How closely is prejudice related to discrimination? Describe how the theory of planned behavior explains the relationship between prejudice and discrimination.

Question 80

Describe how the stereotype content model explains the relationship between preju- dice and discrimination.