Deck 1: From Misguided Children to Criminal Youth: Exploring Historical and Contemporary Trends in Canadian Youth Justice

Question 1

Canada's pattern of legislative change in the field of youth justice is similar to ________.

A) the United States
B) Britain
C) Australia
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Developments around legislation and models of juvenile justice have been accompanied in some countries by changes in terminology. Youths who have committed acts of juvenile delinquency are now referred to as ________.

A) troubled children
B) misguided children
C) criminal youth
D) juvenile delinquents
E) None of the above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to Minaker and Hogeveen (2009), ________ require intervention and can be rehabilitated.

A) punishable young offenders
B) reformable young offenders
C) first-time young offenders
D) repeat young offenders
E) None of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Minaker and Hogeveen (2009), ________ require punishment in order to make them accountable for their criminal acts.

A) punitive young offenders
B) reformable young offenders
C) repeat young offenders
D) punishable young offenders
E) juvenile delinquent youths

Question 5

Minaker and Hogeveen (2009) argue that recent decades have witnessed a ________ turn in youth justice in Canada that parallels similar trends in both the adult and youth justice systems of other countries.

A) punitive
B) restorative
C) positive
D) rehabilitative
E) legalistic

Question 6

The author of Chapter 1 argues that the nature and direction of historical and contemporary trends in Canadian youth justice cannot be adequately understood without taking into account ________.

A) trends in punishment
B) the development of the idea of juvenile delinquency
C) the connected experiences of other countries
D) who invented our modern juvenile justice systems
E) All of the above

Question 7

This chapter argues that Canada's current approach to youth justice is ________.

A) the same as other countries
B) unique in many respects
C) most similar to that of the United States
D) not comparable to other countries
E) based on the British model

Question 8

Philippe Ariès argued that the modern concept of childhood was "discovered" in Western Europe in the ________.

A) fourteenth century
B) sixteenth century
C) seventeenth century
D) nineteenth century
E) twentieth century

Question 9

According to Ariès, unlike parents today, parents in the Middle Ages ________.

A) were much closer to their children
B) did not develop strong emotional ties to their children
C) abused their children
D) were more likely to sacrifice themselves for their children
E) did not punish children

Question 10

According to Ariès, the modern concept of childhood was "discovered" in ________.

A) Eastern Europe
B) Medieval Times
C) Western Europe
D) South Asia
E) the late twentieth century

Question 11

According to Ariès, parents in the Middle Ages were ________ preoccupied with raising the young and severely restricting their lives.

A) very
B) not
C) usually
D) seldom
E) always

Question 12

Criminologist ________ drew uncritically on Ariès' research to try to explain the reasons for the "invention" of juvenile delinquency and the juvenile court.

A) Beatrice Gottlieb
B) Tulio Caputo
C) Lamar Empey
D) Linda Pollock
E) Anthony Platt

Question 13

Historians of childhood who have been critical of Ariès research have shown instead that-both historically and in more recent times-adults have displayed a great deal of ________ in their thinking about the definition and treatment of children and youth.

A) similarity
B) diversity
C) ambiguity
D) certainty
E) indifference

Question 14

When was the term juvenile delinquency first used?

A) Sixteenth century
B) Eighteenth century
C) Nineteenth century
D) Twentieth century
E) Twenty-first century

Question 15

In the nineteenth century under English common law, persons below the age of ________ years could not be convicted of committing a criminal offence.

A) seven
B) eight
C) 10
D) 12
E) 16

Question 16

The legal doctrine that limits the criminal responsibility of a child between the ages of seven and 14 due to the presumption that they are unable to understand the wrongfulness of criminal acts is referred to as ________.

A) parens patriae
B) doli incapax
C) mens rea
D) incapacity
E) mea culpa

Question 17

A number of common features came to characterize the operation of juvenile courts after they were first invented. Which of the following was not included among these common features?

A) The concept of diminished criminal responsibility
B) The concept of mens rea
C) The principle of parens patriae
D) The idea that juvenile delinquents should be treated with friendly helpfulness
E) All of the above

Question 18

In the first juvenile courts, ________.

A) the procedure was modelled on that in adult criminal courts
B) the focus was on corporal punishment
C) the chief concern was less with the juvenile's guilt or innocence than with the state's need to assume guardianship
D) probation officers were usually excluded
E) All of the above

Question 19

Prior to the establishment of the New York House of Refuge by the Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents, juries would ________ when they thought penalties were too harsh.

A) acquit the youth
B) ask the judge for a less severe penalty
C) request the youth be housed in the adult penitentiary
D) do nothing at all
E) None of the above

Question 20

The ________ undeniably served as the model that was later followed in a number of other countries.

A) Colorado Juvenile Court
B) Australian Juvenile Court
C) French-Canadian Juvenile Court
D) New York House of Refuge by the Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents
E) Chicago Juvenile Court

Question 21

Historians commonly recognize that it was ________ who drafted the JDA.

A) W. L. Scott
B) J.J. Kelso
C) G. Stanley Hall
D) R. Rothman
E) E. Durkheim

Question 22

Status offences are those offences that a youth ________.

A) has been charged with that are Indictable offences
B) has been charged with that are summary offences
C) has been charged with that are hybrid offences
D) can be found guilty of by simply being under age
E) cannot be found guilty of because of his/her age

Question 23

Intermediate sentences are sentences to incarceration that ________.

A) have no fixed expiration date
B) are served in adult facilities
C) are served periodically (e.g. on weekends only)
D) are longer than two years in length
E) All of the above are true

Question 24

The Young Offenders Act ________.

A) replaced the YCJA
B) replaced the JDA
C) was Canada's first piece of youth legislation
D) was in force in the mid 1800's
E) None of the above are true

Question 25

Adulteration refers to ________.

A) the dismantling of the youth system and the merging of it with the adult system
B) the complete elimination of the youth system with no replacement
C) the creation of tough legislation such as mandatory minimum sentences
D) the combination of the child welfare system with the youth criminal system
E) None of the above are true

Question 26

According to Ariès, conditions for children were the worst prior to the seventeenth century.

Question 27

Prior to the development of juvenile courts, young offenders were dealt with in exactly the same way as adult offenders.

Question 28

Treating juvenile offenders differently from their adult counterparts began with the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA).

Question 29

Criminologists do not agree on the extent to which the Canadian youth justice system has taken a punitive turn.

Question 30

Specialized courts meant to apply juvenile justice laws in the care of dependent and delinquent children were first created in the late nineteenth century.

Question 31

According to Bryan Hogeveen, punishable young offenders require intervention in the hope they can be rehabilitated.

Question 32

The punitive turn thesis has not been applied to Canada.

Question 33

Canada's approach to youth justice is in many respects unique.

Question 34

Philippe Ariès is the historian who first argued that the modern concept of childhood was "discovered" in Western Europe in the seventeenth century.

Question 35

In many Western countries prior to the nineteenth century, adulthood did not begin for males until they were married.

Question 36

In many Western countries prior to the nineteenth century, the only grown women who could function as full legal adults were married women.

Question 37

The nineteenth century witnessed a significant transformation in the way that young people were dealt with by the criminal justice system.

Question 38

The first juvenile courts created in the United States were explicitly based on a child-welfare model.

Question 39

The first juvenile court in the United States was established in Philadelphia.

Question 40

According to Anthony Platt, racism and class discrimination were the most important factors that led to the enactment of juvenile delinquency statutes and the establishment of juvenile courts throughout the United States.

Question 41

Unlike Anthony Platt, David Rothman stressed the importance of examining changes in the social structure and economy of American society to explain changes in juvenile justice.

Question 42

J.J. Kelso tried to take credit for the enactment of the Juvenile Delinquents Act of 1908.

Question 43

The Juvenile Delinquents Act was criticized for abolishing status offences.

Question 44

The Young Offenders Act was criticized for representing an unfortunate shift away from the child-welfare-based child-saving approach of the JDA toward a more justice- and crime-control based child-blaming approach.

Question 45

Canada's criminal justice system under the YCJA is a two-pronged justice system that diverts less serious offenders out of the system and allows for more severe punishments for serious offenders.

Question 46

What are the two competing discourses that have been reflected in discussions engaged over the years on how society should deal with young offenders?

Question 47

What are the three distinct age-graded levels of criminal accountability?

Question 48

How did Anthony Platt attempt to explain the origin and operation of the Chicago Juvenile Court?

Question 49

How did David Rothman account for the invention of the juvenile court in the United States?

Question 50

Who is G. Stanley Hall and what role did he play in the invention of the juvenile court in the United States?

Question 51

Who was Ben Lindsey and what role did he play in the juvenile court movement?

Question 52

On what grounds can David Rothman's account of the invention of the juvenile court in the United States be criticized?

Question 53

How does the account offered by David Tanenhaus (2004) differ from those offered by earlier historians of the juvenile court movement in the United States?

Question 54

Outline the theory of juvenile justice reform proposed by Thomas Bernard and explain how he applied it to explaining the creation of the Chicago Juvenile Court in 1899.

Question 55

What is meant by "the cross-fertilization of ideas on juvenile justice reform" and why is it useful to consider this idea in researching the development of juvenile or youth justice systems?

Question 56

What can historians and criminologists learn from studying the gradual separation of juveniles and adults in court proceedings and institutions of confinement in the nineteenth century?

Question 57

What was most different about the development of early juvenile justice systems in England and Wales compared to France?

Question 58

Who was J.J. Kelso and what role did he play in the juvenile justice reform movement in Canada?

Question 59

Based on what you have read in this chapter, who do you feel played a more important role in the enactment of the Juvenile Delinquents Act of 1908, J.J. Kelso or W.L. Scott?

Question 60

What is a status offence and when was this type of offence introduced into the Juvenile Delinquents Act?

Question 61

Why were lawyers discouraged from appearing in juvenile courts to represent young offenders under the Juvenile Delinquents Act?

Question 62

What are indeterminate sentences and why were they used to deal with young offenders subject to the Juvenile Delinquents Act?

Question 63

What were the opposing views of early advocates and critics of the Young Offenders Act shortly before and after the new legislation was implemented in 1984?

Question 64

What is meant by the notion of a bifurcated youth justice system, and why can Canada be said to have a youth justice system that fits this description?

Question 65

Why is there concern about the adulteration of policy and practices under the YJCA?

Question 66

Why is it complicated to predict the direction that the administration of juvenile justice in Canada will move in the future?

Question 67

What arguments concerning the discovery of childhood did Philippe Ariès develop in his famous book entitled Centuries of Childhood? What are the key criticisms and contradictory evidence other historians have brought forth to cast doubt on the validity of Ariès arguments?

Question 68

Why was the Canadian Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA) enacted in 1908? In your discussion, explain the important events and circumstances that led to the enactment of the legislation, key principles underlying the Act, and the major criticisms that were put forth by critics of the JDA that eventually led to the enactment of the Young Offenders Act (YOA).

Question 69

How have historians and criminologists attempted to explain the development of early juvenile delinquency legislation in the United States and Canada? Discuss this question in light of your knowledge of research on the origins of the Chicago juvenile court in 1899 and the Canadian Juvenile Delinquents Act in 1908.

Question 70

Why was a new Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) passed in Canada in 2002? In your discussion, describe events and circumstances that led to the enactment of the legislation, key principles underlying the Act, and the major criticisms that were put forth by critics of the Young Offenders Act (YOA) that eventually led it to be replaced with the YCJA.

Question 71

How have different researchers attempted to explain like the creation of the Chicago Juvenile Court in 1899, and the enactment of the Canadian Juvenile Delinquents Act in 1908? Were the factors that led to the enactment of juvenile justice statutes in each country the same or different? Explain.

Question 72

Discuss the punitive turn debate. What are the views that have been expressed regarding the degree to which Canada has experienced a "punitive turn" since the implementation of the YCJA?