Deck 7: Where Do Principles and Practice Meet in Research Study Design

Question 1

A framework for collecting and analyzing data and for presenting results is known as

A) Qualitative research
B) Quantitative research
C) Study design
D) Research methods

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is a question a researcher would ask to begin to shape their research design?

A) What have other researchers done?
B) All of these
C) How many times do you need to observe the phenomenon of interest?
D) How many people or instances do you need to observe?

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is not a research design commonly used in social research?

A) Longitudinal
B) Experimental
C) Quantitative research
D) Cross-sectional

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What type of research involves the researcher or research team working with the people who are the focus of the study to design and implement the research?

A) Participatory Action Research
B) Qualitative Research
C) Cross-sectional research
D) Longitudinal research

Question 5

Who did the CUNY research team recruit to participate in their research methods seminar?

A) Formerly incarcerated women
B) Inmates of a women's prison
C) Graduate students
D) Correctional officers

Question 6

Though the CUNY team had a goal of co-facilitating all aspects of the research process, which of the following made that difficult?

A) All of these
B) Researchers could not access locked cabinets to store data
C) Recording devices were not allowed
D) There was a fear of retaliation

Question 7

A research design that rules out alternative explanations of findings by randomly assigning participants to one of two groups is known as ___________.

A) Experimental design
B) Cross-sectional design
C) Longitudinal design
D) Case study

Question 8

A research design that generates findings that can be applied to the general population represented by the sample studied is known as __________.

A) Idiographic
B) Nomothetic
C) Causal
D) Qualitative

Question 9

A research design that involves a detailed story or description of the people studied is known as ____________.

A) Causal
B) Nomothetic
C) Idiographic
D) Quantitative

Question 10

Which of the following study designs is not compatible with a nomothetic explanation?

A) Case Study
B) Longitudinal
C) Experimental
D) Cross-sectional

Question 11

Which of the following study designs is not appropriate for an idiographic approach?

A) Case study
B) Longitudinal
C) Cross-sectional
D) Experimental

Question 12

The independent variable in Pager's experimental research was

A) Criminal record
B) Physical appearance
C) Job history
D) Education

Question 13

Which of the following is not one of the findings of Pager's experimental research?

A) African Americans were less than half as likely to receive consideration by employers.
B) Black nonoffenders experienced more employment discrimination than whites with prior convictions.
C) Whites and blacks experienced equal amounts of employment discrimination when they had a criminal record.
D) All of these

Question 14

Which of the following is not one of the challenges of the experimental design?

A) Experiments are incompatible with online research.
B) Many independent variables of interest are incompatible with an experimental design.
C) Ethical issues can arise with experimental designs
D) The complexity of social life cannot be easily simulated in experimental designs.

Question 15

Which of the following is a strength of field experiments?

A) They allow social processes to unfold in natural situations.
B) Researchers can control the independent variable in a simulated environment.
C) Researchers do not have to worry about ethical issues in a field experiment.
D) None of these

Question 16

Which is not a type of data collection utilized by Rivera and Tilcsik?

A) An audit experiment
B) A survey experiment
C) Content analysis
D) Qualitative interviews

Question 17

Despite all the fictious applicants graduating from selective law schools, which group was most advantaged in Rivera and Tilcsik's study?

A) Higher-class men
B) Higher-class women
C) Middle-class women
D) Lower-class men

Question 18

Which of the following is not the main finding of Rivera and Tilcsik's study?

A) Social class impacted the likelihood of an applicate being invited for a job interview.
B) Gender had a causal impact on the social class of an applicant.
C) None of these
D) There was a causal relationship between gender and the likelihood of being invited for an interview.

Question 19

A research design whose logic and process does not involved the same manipulation and control of influences is known as ______________.

A) Experiments
B) Quasi-experiments
C) Case study
D) Cross-sectional design

Question 20

Dr. Howe compares the number of DWI convictions before and after a law is passed increasing the penalty. What type of research design is he using?

A) Experiments
B) Quasi-experiments
C) Case study
D) Cross-sectional design

Question 21

Research undertaken to assess the impact of real-life interventions, like policy changes and social programs is known as ______________.

A) Quasi-experiments
B) Evaluation research
C) Participatory action research
D) Longitudinal research

Question 22

Yoo and team evaluated what type of program in their research study?

A) A youth social justice action program
B) A youth empowerment organization
C) A drug intervention program
D) An abstinence-only teen pregnancy program

Question 23

What best describes the findings from Kirby et al.'s research study on sex education?

A) In developed countries, sex education had a neutral impact on young people's sexual behavior.
B) Overall, sex education programs had a positive impact on young people's sexual behavior.
C) In developing countries, sex education had a positive impact on young people's sexual behavior.
D) None of these

Question 24

A study design were data is collected at one point in time is called a _______.

A) Cross-sectional design
B) Longitudinal design
C) Snapshot design
D) Qualitative design

Question 25

In which type of study design is it difficult to determine causal ordering?

A) Quasi-experimental
B) Longitudinal
C) Experimental
D) Cross-sectional

Question 26

Most types of quantitative social research employs this type of research design:

A) Quasi-experimental
B) Longitudinal
C) Experimental
D) Cross-sectional

Question 27

In Sweet's qualitative cross-sectional research, she found that advocates and providers use what term to explain women's vulnerability to violence?

A) Patriarchy
B) Risk
C) Criminal background
D) Physical characteristics

Question 28

Which of the following is not a finding from Grollman's quantitative cross-sectional research?

A) Experiences of discrimination are associated with risky sexual behaviors.
B) There was no relationship between experiences of discrimination and use of contraceptives.
C) Experiences of discrimination related to risky outcomes and the negative outcomes of those behaviors.
D) Negative outcomes of risky sexual behaviors were not related to discrimination.

Question 29

When a researcher collects data on at least two separate occasions, they are using a ___________________.

A) Quasi-experimental
B) Longitudinal
C) Experimental
D) Cross-sectional

Question 30

Dr. Ryder collects data on a group of school-aged children at the beginning and the end of their third-grade year. What type of research design is she using?

A) Quasi-experimental
B) Longitudinal
C) Experimental
D) Cross-sectional

Question 31

Which of the following is not a type of longitudinal design?

A) All of these
B) Panel study
C) Trend study
D) Cohort study

Question 32

Which type of longitudinal design involves studying the same people on at least two occasions?

A) Panel study
B) Trend study
C) Cohort study
D) None of these

Question 33

Which type of longitudinal design involves studying people from the same population on at least two occasions?

A) Panel study
B) Trend study
C) Cohort study
D) All of these

Question 34

Which of the following is not an example of a cohort?

A) Students who missed high school graduation due to COVID-19
B) Children who started kindergarten during the pandemic
C) The Baby-boomer generation
D) Alumni from your college

Question 35

When research participants' behavior or reports of behavior is influenced by being involved in a longitudinal study, this is known as __________.

A) Bias
B) Cohort conditioning effect
C) Panel conditioning effect
D) None of these

Question 36

Which type of longitudinal research is not vulnerable to panel conditioning effects?

A) Panel only
B) Cohort only
C) Cohort and trend
D) Panel and cohort

Question 37

A ______________ design involves a detailed analysis of a single or a small number of examples.

A) Cross-sectional
B) Case study
C) Longitudinal
D) Cohort

Question 38

Which of the following can be a case for study?

A) A community
B) An organization
C) All of these
D) A person

Question 39

Lane is doing a case study of the aftermath of Hurricane Maria. The type of case is likely to be ____________.

A) An organization
B) A person
C) A neighborhood
D) An event

Question 40

Flores describe all of the following except _____________ as narratives men used when exiting gang life.

A) Renouncing gang associated masculinities
B) Addiction
C) Cutting ties with family
D) Recovery

Question 41

Case studies can be distinguished from other research designs based on all of the following except?

A) The idiographic goal of the study
B) Rich description of features of the case
C) Focus on a case that is unique to time or place
D) Utilizing a qualitative approach

Question 42

Bor's analysis of the 2016 presidential election utilized which type of data?

A) State-level voting data and life-expectancy data
B) Life-expectancy data and funding amounts for public health
C) Funding for public health and county-level voting data
D) County-level voting data and data on life expectancy

Question 43

An approach to research that consists of observation, measurement, and the formulation, testing, and revising of hypotheses is known as

A) Scientific method
B) Quantitative analysis
C) Statistical analysis
D) Objectivity

Question 44

Knowles and Tropp found that whites who had less support for Trump ________.

A) Experienced economic struggle.
B) Had a lower sense of threat from diversity
C) Viewed racial and ethnic diversity as a threat
D) Had a higher education level

Question 45

Which of the following is not a type of case study identified by Yin?

A) Longitudinal
B) Critical
C) Extreme/Unique
D) Revelatory

Question 46

Which of the following is the best example of an extreme case?

A) Festinger and teams study of a doomsday/UFO case
B) The impact of COVID-19
C) None of these
D) Mead's study of Samoan youth

Question 47

According to Yin, a case study where a researcher considers a phenomenon not previously studied is called a(n)

A) Critical case
B) Extreme case
C) Revelatory case
D) Unique case

Question 48

Lynd and Lynd did a longitudinal case study of "Middletown" and found that

A) Post-Vietnam War the community was less cohesive.
B) The community did not change in terms of culture and attitudes between 1924-5 and 1935
C) The community grew more conservative over the period it was studied and restudied.
D) Little had changed in the attitudes and culture during the duration of the study.

Question 49

Which of the following is not reflected in the study design?

A) A distinct orientation as either longitudinal or cross-sectional
B) Current theoretical understandings
C) Available resources and researcher's interests
D) Ethical concerns and commitments

Question 50

A study design is a framework for collecting and analysing the data needed to answer a research question.

Question 51

Reviewing what other researchers have done is an important aspect of research design.

Question 52

Practical concerns when designing a research study include time, funding, team members, and inside connections.

Question 53

Participatory Action Research (PAR) involves a researcher alone studying a particular group in order to advocate for social change.

Question 54

Experimental designs are not considered a sociological research design.

Question 55

In a true experiment, the control group is exposed to the influence and the experimental group is not exposed to the same influence.

Question 56

Nomothetic explanations provide a rich description of individuals or small groups, typically through qualitative methods.

Question 57

Nomothetic explanations are often causal explanations.

Question 58

In experimental research, the dependent variable is manipulated to determine its influence on the independent variable.

Question 59

Pager's research found that white men and black men were equally impacted by indicating a criminal record when applying for jobs.

Question 60

A challenge of experimental research is that many dependent variables cannot be manipulated.

Question 61

In quasi-experimental designs, the experimental group is subject to a condition.

Question 62

An example of a quasi-experiment would be comparing data on gun deaths before and after a gun control law was passed.

Question 63

Suyemoto and her team evaluated the impact of a social justice program on how a group of Asian American youth viewed social justice and their own racial/ethnic identity.

Question 64

Cross-section research designs allow for before-and-after comparisons

Question 65

It is possible to establish a causal relationship using cross-sectional designs.

Question 66

Qualitative research is ill-suited for cross-sectional research designs.

Question 67

Longitudinal research designs examine cases at one point in time and then again at a later time.

Question 68

Trend studies research the same people from the same population on at least two different occasions.

Question 69

A cohort is a group of people who share an experience, like high school seniors who missed the end of their senior year due to COVID-19.

Question 70

Attrition is when a respondent's behaviour is impacted by their continued participate in a longitudinal study.

Question 71

Knowles and Tropp (2018) found in their case study work that regardless of their economic situation, white people reported feeling threatened by racial diversity.

Question 72

Festinger et al's study of a doomsday cult is an example of a critical case study.

Question 73

Lynd and Lynd's research of "Middletown" is an example of a cross-sectional case study.

Question 74

Distinctions among study designs are not always clear cut and can overlap

Question 75

What is the relationship between theory and study design?

Question 76

What are some practical concerns when designing a study?

Question 77

Why is it important to review what other researchers have done when designing a study?

Question 78

Explain the difference between a nomothetic and idiographic research approach. What can be learned from these two approaches? Support your answer with examples from the text.

Question 79

How is a Participatory Action Research study design different from other types of research studies? What are some of the benefits and challenges that the CUNY research group experienced when using this approach to study the impact of the "College Bound" program?

Question 80

Outline the basic components of an experimental design. What are the advantages of this approach? Disadvantages?