Deck 1: The Philosophical and Ideological Underpinnings of Corrections

Question 1

The earliest known written code of punishment was:

A) British Common Law
B) Early Roman Code
C) The Civil Code
D) The Code of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-Nammu" \o "Ur-Nammu" Ur-Nammu

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Beccaria advocates that a system of punishment should include which of the following elements?

A) Certainty
B) Swiftness
C) Severity
D) All of these

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Nationwide, following release, approximately 68% of former prisoners reoffend within:

A) 1 year
B) 2 years
C) 3 years
D) 4 years

Answer 3

C

Question 4

General deterrence refers to the preventive effect of the threat of punishment on the:

A) individual prisoner
B) general population
C) prison population
D) international population

Question 5

Which perspective on punishment focuses more on concrete programs such as job training rather than attitude change?

A) Retribution
B) Reintegration
C) Deterrence
D) Incapacitation

Question 6

______ is a generic term covering a variety of functions carried out by government (and increasingly private) agencies having to do with the punishment, treatment, supervision, and management of individuals who have been convicted or accused of criminal offenses.

A) Corrections
B) Punishment
C) Crime
D) Incarceration

Question 7

According to the authors, incapacitation originates from which of the following concepts?

A) General deterrence
B) Social defense
C) Specific deterrence
D) None of the above

Question 8

Positivists rejected much of the philosophical basis of classical thinkers' arguments, and instead relied on:

A) studies that declared that punishment should fit the offender rather than the crime
B) a view of individuals as hedonistic
C) similar punishments for similar crimes
D) swift justice regardless of the circumstances of a crime

Question 9

The primary responsibility of the government of any country is to ______ its citizens from those who would harm them.

A) gather
B) preserve
C) protect
D) serve

Question 10

In the cohort studies by Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin (1972), ______ of the offenders in the cohort committed 71% of all the homicides.

A) 6.3%
B) 10.4%
C) 18.0%
D) 34.2%

Question 11

The correctional enterprise is primarily about

A) punishment
B) community
C) rehabilitation
D) protection

Question 12

The correctional enterprise exists to _____ the attitudes and behavior of its "clientele."

A) "correct"
B) "amend"
C) "put right"
D) all of these

Question 13

The period in history in which a major shift in the way people viewed the world and their place in it occurred, moving from a supernaturalistic to a naturalistic and rational worldview is known as

A) the Enlightenment
B) the Revolution
C) the Dark Ages
D) Antiquity

Question 14

Garafalo's endemic criminals are those who commit what we today might call

A) property crimes.
B) victimless crimes.
C) violent crimes.
D) white-collar crimes

Question 15

Which of the following is drive by the natural passion for punitive revenge?

A) retribution
B) restitution
C) rehabilitation
D) reintegration

Question 16

The capacity of humans to make choices and their responsibility to make moral ones regardless of internal or external constraints on their ability to do so is referred to as?

A) rationality
B) hedonism
C) human agency
D) hedonistic calculus

Question 17

Which of the following punishments does not require any favorable consequence to justify it except to maintain that justice has been served?

A) Rehabilitation
B) Reintegration
C) Incapacitation
D) Retribution

Question 18

_____ obviously "works" while criminals are incarceration.

A) Incapacitation
B) Rehabilitation
C) Deterrence
D) Reintegration

Question 19

The present emphasis on rehabilitation is drive both by _____ and by decades of research aimed at discovering "what works" in correctional assessment and treatment.

A) politics
B) biology
C) economics
D) culture

Question 20

The 18th century marked the beginning of an era of brutal punishment.

Question 21

Enrico Ferri was one of the early positivists.

Question 22

Beccaria created the hedonistic calculus.

Question 23

There are two types of deterrence.

Question 24

Incapacitation refers to a punishment strategy that largely reserves prison for a select group of offenders composed primarily of violence repeat offenders.

Question 25

What is rehabilitation?

Question 26

What is reintegration?

Question 27

What is selective incapacitation?

Question 28

Explain the major objectives and justifications for punishment.

Question 29

What is deterrence? Explain the types of deterrence.