Deck 5: Proactivity

Question 1

Which of the following did sociologists have little regard for during much of the 20th century?

A) internal thought processes and self-directed behavior
B) concepts that represent psychological processes and structures
C) illuminating the "black box" of the individual
D) all of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Young people in Japan who go through a period of extreme social withdrawal, often never leaving their parents' house,

A) are called hikikomori
B) may be experiencing extreme difficulties in developing an individualized identity
C) may paralyzed by the number of identity choices now available in Japanese society
D) all of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following terms has been used to describe people in Japan who combine both individualism and collectivism in their identity formation?

A) post-traditional collectivism
B) individualistic collectivism
C) late-modern collectivism
D) postmodern collectivism

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Why does the text argue that it is not necessary to address the philosophical debate about free will and determinism in theorizing agency? Because prior causation does not mean that people

A) do not vary in their degrees of proactivity
B) cannot learn to be more proactive in certain contexts
C) are not incapable of self-control
D) all of the above

Question 5

Why does the potential for agency in a given individual depend both upon the specific qualities of that individual and the specific qualities of the context in which the individual is acting?

A) because people function in contexts by definition, and so are never free from structure, but vary in terms of their ability to utilize and transform that structure
B) because certain contexts support specific agentic orientations and not others
C) because certain forms of agency affect contexts in ways that favor those forms of agency
D) all of the above

Question 6

Which of the following processes is most likely to help people penetrate social structures?

A) ego identity
B) moral identity
C) identity-based agency
D) identity capital

Question 7

Which of the following terms describes how broadly or narrowly the person conceptualizes his or her future prospects?

A) self horizons
B) self-efficacy
C) identity horizons
D) moral identity

Question 8

Using the algorithm for calculating community risks and benefits, if 30 percent of a community lives in poverty and 30 percent of the people living in that community do not have sufficient agentic resources, the estimate of the proportion at risk for structural reasons there is

A) 16 percent
B) 24 percent
C) 36 percent
D) 84 percent

Question 9

How does the SIFT address the structure-agency debate?

A) it focuses on interactions between identity-based agency and identity-conferring social structures
B) it argues that people are always functioning is social contexts, so it is erroneous to conceive of them as separate from structures
C) it embraces developmental contextualism as a model to understand interactions between structure and agency
D) all of the above

Question 10

What potentially serious bias has emerged recently in the self-esteem literature?

A) low self-esteem among adolescent females is mainly a problem among White females
B) low self-esteem among adolescent females is mainly a problem among Black females
C) low self-esteem is actually more of a problem among adolescent males than females
D) all of the above