Deck 3: The Visual System

Question 1

A wavelength is:

A) the physical characteristic related to perceived brightness
B) the psychological perception of color
C) the height of the light wave
D) the distance between two peaks of the wave

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The visible spectrum contains wavelengths that range from:

A) 400nm (red) to 700nm (violet)
B) 200nm (red) to 500nm (violet)
C) 400nm (violet) to 700nm (red)
D) 200nm (violet) to 500nm (red)

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following physical characteristics of light is associated with perceived brightness?

A) purity
B) amplitude
C) hue
D) wavelength

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following perceptual characteristics of light is associated with the physical property of purity?

A) saturation
B) hue
C) amplitude
D) brightness

Question 5

The figure below is a side view of the human eye.
-Identify the iris.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 6

The figure below is a side view of the human eye.
-Identify the cornea.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 7

The figure below is a side view of the human eye.
-What is A?

A) sclera
B) pupil
C) cornea
D) iris

Question 8

The figure below is a side view of the human eye.
-What is D?

A) sclera
B) pupil
C) cornea
D) iris

Question 9

Which of the following visual disorders is due to a buildup of pressure within the eye?

A) glaucoma
B) presbyopia
C) astigmatism
D) cataract

Question 10

Information is carried away from the retina by the:

A) rods
B) choroid
C) cones
D) optic nerve

Question 11

The area between the retina and the lens is called the:

A) fovea
B) posterior chamber
C) anterior chamber
D) optic disc

Question 12

The __________________ on the retina has no photoreceptors and thus creates a blind spot.

A) sclera
B) optic disc
C) fovea
D) choroid

Question 13

Light that is not absorbed by the photoreceptors in the eye is absorbed by the:

A) choroid
B) sclera
C) cornea
D) fovea

Question 14

Floaters are caused by:

A) the thickening of the lens
B) a misshapen cornea
C) solid matter suspended in the vitreous humor
D) solid matter suspended in the aqueous humor

Question 15

The rods and cones transduce light energy by means of chemical substances called:

A) retinoids
B) scleras
C) choroids
D) photopigments

Question 16

Visual information travels horizontally across the retina through:

A) ganglion cells
B) amacrine cells
C) bipolar cells
D) simple cells

Question 17

Amacrine cells communicate with:

A) bipolar cells
B) ganglion cells
C) amacrine cells
D) all of the above

Question 18

Which of the following describes the path of information in the visual system?

A) bipolar cells → cones → ganglion cells → brain
B) cones → ganglion cells → bipolar cells → brain
C) bipolar cells → ganglion cells → cones → brain
D) cones → bipolar cells → ganglion cells → brain

Question 19

Hyperpolarization occurs when:

A) the electric potential of a photoreceptor goes from a negative resting state to a more negative state.
B) the electric potential of a photoreceptor goes from a negative resting state to a positive state.
C) the electric potential of a photoreceptor goes from a positive resting state to a negative state.
D) the electric potential of a photoreceptor goes from a positive resting state to a more positive state.

Question 20

The process of disc shedding occurs in the __________________ for rods and in the __________________ for cones.

A) evening; morning
B) afternoon; morning
C) morning; evening
D) afternoon; evening

Question 21

Which of the following statements is NOT true about rods?

A) There are approximately 100 million in each human eye.
B) They are concentrated in the center of the fovea.
C) They function best under dimly lit conditions.
D) They rely on one photopigment: rhodopsin

Question 22

Which of the following statements is NOT true about cones?

A) They shed their discs in the early morning.
B) They have a tapered tip.
C) They rely on three photopigments.
D) They provide our perception of color.

Question 23

Which type of photoreceptor is most responsive to a wavelength of 530 nm?

A) S-cones
B) L-cones
C) M-cones
D) rods

Question 24

Which of the following statements about photoreceptors is TRUE?

A) M-cones are rare
B) S-cones are rare
C) L-cones are rare
D) all of the above

Question 25

Which of the following statements is NOT true about rods and cones?

A) Greater convergence is found for cones than for rods.
B) Rods are more sensitive than cones.
C) Cones provide greater acuity than rods.
D) There are more rods than cones in each human eye.

Question 26

Vision that relies only on cones is called:

A) achromatic vision
B) scotopic vision
C) mesopic vision
D) photopic vision

Question 27

Experiments on dark adaptation have shown that:

A) cones have a low threshold
B) rods adapt more rapidly than cones
C) cones adapt more rapidly than rods
D) both A and C

Question 28

A monochromat is a person who:

A) only has cones on her retina
B) only has rods on her retina
C) only has S-cones but not M-cones nor L-cones
D) only has ganglion cells but not bipolar cells

Question 29

While dark adaptation takes about __________________, light adaptation takes about __________________.

A) 60 minutes; 30 minutes
B) 1 minute; 30 minutes
C) 30 minutes; 1 minute
D) 1 minute; 60 minutes

Question 30

The cells that compare S-cone input with input from M-cones and L-cones are called:

A) midget ganglion cells
B) diffuse cone bipolar cells
C) small bistratified ganglion cells
D) midget bipolar cells

Question 31

The refractory period is when:

A) a ganglion cell generates an action potential
B) a cell returns to its resting potential
C) hyperpolarization takes place
D) depolarization takes place

Question 32

Suppose a ganglion cell has an on-center, off-surround receptive field. What will be the result when…
-…a light is shined on the entire receptive field?

A) the cell will show activation
B) the cell will show inhibition
C) the cell will fire spontaneously at a low rate
D) the cell will show only slight activation

Question 33

Suppose a ganglion cell has an on-center, off-surround receptive field. What will be the result when…
-…a light is shined only on the center of the receptive field?

A) the cell will show activation
B) the cell will show inhibition
C) the cell will fire spontaneously at a low rate
D) the cell will show only slight activation

Question 34

Suppose a ganglion cell has an on-center, off-surround receptive field. What will be the result when…
-…no light is shined on the receptive field?

A) the cell will show activation
B) the cell will show inhibition
C) the cell will fire spontaneously at a low rate
D) the cell will show only slight activation

Question 35

Now suppose a ganglion cell has an off-center, on-surround receptive field. What will be the result when…
-… a light is shined on the entire receptive field?

A) the cell will show activation
B) the cell will show inhibition
C) the cell will fire spontaneously at a low rate
D) the cell will show only slight activation

Question 36

Now suppose a ganglion cell has an off-center, on-surround receptive field. What will be the result when…
-…a light is shined only on the surrounding, outer portion of the receptive field?

A) the cell will show activation
B) the cell will show inhibition
C) the cell will fire spontaneously at a low rate
D) the cell will show only slight activation

Question 37

The ganglion cells from the left half of the left eye go to the __________________ hemisphere. The ganglion cells from the left half of the right eye go to the __________________ hemisphere.

A) left; left
B) left; right
C) right; right
D) right; left

Question 38

If you close your left eye and view a picture with only your right eye, information will be projected:

A) to only your left hemisphere
B) to only your right hemisphere
C) to both your left and your right hemisphere
D) to neither hemisphere

Question 39

Your left hemisphere receives information from:

A) just the left visual field
B) just the right visual field
C) just the left-half of each eye
D) just the right eye

Question 40

The bundle of ganglion cells that brings visual information from the optic chiasm to the LGN is called the:

A) optic nerve
B) superior colliculus
C) striate cortex
D) optic tract

Question 41

The figure below shows the parts of the visual pathway from the eye to the brain.

-Where is V1 located?

A) A
B) E
C) F
D) G

Question 42

The figure below shows the parts of the visual pathway from the eye to the brain.

-Identify the optic nerve

A) B
B) C
C) D
D) E

Question 43

The figure below shows the parts of the visual pathway from the eye to the brain.

-Identify the superior colliculus.

A) C
B) E
C) F
D) G

Question 44

The figure below shows the parts of the visual pathway from the eye to the brain.

-Identify the lateral geniculate nucleus.

A) C
B) D
C) E
D) F

Question 45

The figure below shows the parts of the visual pathway from the eye to the brain.

-What is located at B?

A) the cerebral cortex
B) the optic chiasm
C) the optic nerve
D) the eye

Question 46

The figure below shows the parts of the visual pathway from the eye to the brain.

-What is located at F?

A) the lateral geniculate nucleus
B) the optic chiasm
C) the cerebral cortex
D) the superior colliculus

Question 47

The figure below shows the parts of the visual pathway from the eye to the brain.

-What is located at G?

A) the lateral geniculate nucleus
B) the optic chiasm
C) the cerebral cortex
D) the superior colliculus

Question 48

Which of the following statements about the P pathway is TRUE?

A) The ganglion cells involved are quick to respond.
B) It relies on input from midget ganglion cells.
C) It is involved in the perception of illumination differences.
D) It is involved in the perception of rapid movement.

Question 49

Roughly 70% of all ganglion cells are:

A) midget ganglion cells
B) small bistratified ganglion cells
C) parasol ganglion cells
D) bipolar ganglion cells

Question 50

Parasol ganglion cells are associated with the:

A) K pathway
B) P pathway
C) S pathway
D) M pathway

Question 51

The cells in the K pathway:

A) are less sensitive to light than those in the M pathway
B) have less acuity than those in the P pathway
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 52

Layers 1 and 2 of the LGN receive input from the __________________while layers 3 through 6 receive input from the __________________.

A) P pathway; K pathway
B) K pathway; P pathway
C) M pathway; K pathway
D) M pathway; P pathway

Question 53

Which of the following statements about the left and right superior colliculi is FALSE?

A) They integrate information from various senses.
B) They are comprised of multiple layers.
C) They receive information from the opposite visual field.
D) They are located within the thalamus.

Question 54

Which of the following statements about Simple Cortical Cells is TRUE?

A) They are found in all 6 layers of the primary visual cortex.
B) They respond to a large receptive field.
C) They are particularly sensitive to lines and edges.
D) They respond to input from both eyes, contributing to depth perception.

Question 55

Complex Cortical Cells are found in:

A) Layers 2, 3, 5, and 6 of the primary visual cortex.
B) Only layer 4B of the primary visual cortex.
C) Only layer 4C of the primary visual cortex.
D) All 6 layers of the primary visual cortex.

Question 56

A series of cells that completes a full cycle of stimulus-orientation preferences is called:

A) a column
B) a hypercolumn
C) a blob
D) an interblob

Question 57

Which of the following statements about blobs is TRUE?

A) They are sensitive to orientation.
B) They receive input from the M pathway.
C) They are connected to adjacent blobs.
D) They provide color information.

Question 58

Cells in the cortex are arranged:

A) according to ocular dominance but not according to stimulus-orientation preference.
B) according to stimulus-orientation preference but not according to ocular dominance.
C) according to both stimulus-orientation preference and ocular dominance.
D) none of the above

Question 59

Layer 4C of the visual cortex:

A) is not sensitive to orientation.
B) has a retinotopic arrangement.
C) is the ending point of cells from the LGN.
D) all of the above

Question 60

The extrastriate cortex is also known as:

A) the primary visual cortex
B) the secondary visual cortex
C) V1
D) the inferotemporal cortex

Question 61

The "What" pathway:

A) is the ventral pathway
B) flows into the parietal lobe
C) encodes location information
D) receives information from the M pathway

Question 62

Which of the patients below most likely has akinetopsia?

A) Stephanie cannot kick a moving ball that is rolled toward her.
B) Katie is unable to name the individuals in a recent family photo.
C) Jenny calls a line-drawing of a ladder "a bookcase".
D) Heather reports that she only sees the world in black and white.

Question 63

While __________________ plays a crucial role in color perception, __________________ plays a crucial role in motion perception.

A) Area V5; Area V4
B) the IT; Area V4
C) Area V4; Area V5
D) Area V5; the IT

Question 64

After suffering from a stroke, Ashley is unable to identify objects. For example, when shown a picture of a garden hose, she mistakenly calls it a snake.
-She likely has:

A) prosopagnosia
B) visual object agnosia
C) akinetopsia
D) cerebral achromatopsia

Question 65

After suffering from a stroke, Ashley is unable to identify objects. For example, when shown a picture of a garden hose, she mistakenly calls it a snake.
-Ii Ashley's brain damage is most likely in:

A) the IT
B) V4
C) the FFA
D) V5