Deck 5: Visual Pattern Perception

Question 1

Shape constancy refers to the phenomenon that the __________________ stimulus remains roughly unchanged although the __________________ stimulus changes.

A) proximal; retinal
B) retinal; distal
C) distal; proximal
D) proximal; distal

Answer 1

C

Question 2

When we analyze data from the sensory receptors, we use __________________ processing.

A) top-down
B) top-up
C) bottom-down
D) bottom-up

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When we perceive a shape, our perception is influenced by our prior knowledge and expectations. This illustrates the importance of __________________ processing.

A) top-down
B) bottom-up
C) serial
D) parallel

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The __________________ approach focuses on luminance changes as a cue to shape perception.

A) spatial frequency analysis
B) Gestalt
C) computational
D) prototype-matching

Question 5

According to the spatial frequency analysis approach, the visual system breaks down the stimulus into a pattern of stripes called:

A) geons
B) sinusoidal gratings
C) prototypes
D) visual angles

Question 6

When we perform a Fourier analysis, we:

A) measure the visual angle of the stimulus.
B) break the stimulus into its component sine waves.
C) combine sine waves to represent the pattern in the stimulus.
D) match the stimulus to a prototype stored in memory.

Question 7

Combining sine waves to represent the pattern in the stimulus is called:

A) Fourier analysis
B) Fourier transform
C) Fourier summary
D) Fourier synthesis

Question 8

Spatial frequency is measured by:

A) the distance the stimulus falls from the retina
B) the amplitude of the component sine waves
C) the number of cycles in each degree of visual angle
D) the number of component sine wave gratings

Question 9

The size of the visual angle depends on:

A) the size of the stimulus
B) the distance of the stimulus from the eye
C) the color of the stimulus
D) both A and B

Question 10

An object located 20 inches away has a 2-cycle grating.
-This means that:

A) within 1 degree of visual angle, 2 complete cycles are found
B) within 1 degree of visual angle, 4 complete cycles are found
C) within 2 degrees of visual angle, 1 complete cycle is found
D) within 2 degrees of visual angle, 2 complete cycles are found

Question 11

An object located 20 inches away has a 2-cycle grating.
-If you move closer to the object so that it is located only 10 inches away:

A) you will achieve a 1-cycle grating
B) you will achieve a 4-cycle grating
C you will achieve a 10-cycle grating
D) you will still have a 2-cycle grating

Question 12

A "contrast sensitivity function" is a diagram that illustrates the relationship between:

A) orientation and similarity
B) uniform connectedness and proximity
C) sinusoidal gratings and visual angle
D) spatial frequency and sensitivity

Question 13

Campbell and Robson proposed that individual neurons in the visual cortex:

A) are sensitive to all spatial frequencies
B) are sensitive to particular spatial frequencies
C) all have an on-center, off-surround arrangement
D) both A and C

Question 14

Our perception of the detail of an object is related to the __________________ spatial frequency information. Our perception of the broad patterns of lightness and darkness is related to the __________________ spatial frequency information.

A) low; low
B) low; high
C) high; low
D) high; high

Question 15

Which of the following psychologists is NOT associated with the Gestalt approach?

A) Wolfgang Köhler
B) David Marr
C) Kurt Koffka D Max Wertheimer

Question 16

According to the __________________ approach, we perceive objects as well-organized "wholes" rather than separated, isolated parts.

A) Gestalt
B) feature-integration
C) spatial frequency analysis
D) computational

Question 17

While the Gestalt approach emphasizes a(n) __________________ orientation to perceptual processing, the spatial frequency analysis approach emphasizes a(n) __________________ orientation.

A) distributed; uniform
B) uniform; distributed
C) analytical; holistic
D) holistic; analytical

Question 18

Research suggests that perception relies on:

A) holistic orientation but not analytical orientation
B) uniform orientation but not distributed orientation
C) distributed orientation but not holistic orientation
D) both analytical orientation and holistic orientation

Question 19

The law of grouping that states that when elements move in the same direction, we tend to see them as a unit is the:

A) law of similarity
B) law of good continuation
C) law of common fate
D) law of proximity

Question 20

The law of good continuation states that we see elements as a unit when they:

A) are arranged in a straight line
B) are near each other
C) are moving in the same direction
D) are similar to each other

Question 21

In looking at the figure below, we tend to see it as a complete heart.
-This demonstrates the:

A) law of proximity
B) law of similarity
C) law of good continuation
D) law of closure

Question 22

In looking at the figure below, we tend to see it as a complete heart.
-This process of completing the missing contour of the heart is called:

A) uniform connectedness
B) amodal completion
C) analytical orientation
D) prototype matching

Question 23

In looking at the figure below, we tend to see 5 rows of hearts rather than 5 columns of hearts. This demonstrates the:
♥♥♥♥♥
♥♥♥♥♥
♥♥♥♥♥
♥♥♥♥♥
♥♥♥♥♥

A) law of proximity
B) law of similarity
C) law of good continuation
D) law of closure

Question 24

The Gestalt principle that states that we tend to perceive figures as good, simple, and stable is the:

A) law of good continuation
B) law of Prägnanz
C) law of closure
D) law of common fate

Question 25

The law of Prägnanz was described by:

A) Edgar Rubin
B) Wolfgang Köhler
C) Kurt Koffka
D) Max Wertheimer

Question 26

When two areas share a common boundary, the area that has a distinct shape, clearly defined edges, and is closer to the viewer is the:

A) ground
B) illusion
C) geon
D) figure

Question 27

In looking at the figure below, we tend to see the star and the square as grouped together rather than the star and the moon, even though the star is physically closer to the moon than it is the square. This demonstrates:

A) the law of proximity
B) the law of similarity
C) the principle of common region
D) amodal completion

Question 28

According to the __________________ approach, we build up our perception of shapes through a series of processes.

A) computational
B) Gestalt
C) feature-integration
D) prototype-matching

Question 29

David Marr is most closely associated with the __________________ approach.

A) spatial frequency analysis
B) prototype-matching
C) Gestalt
D) computational

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT one of the levels of the perceptual process according to David Marr?

A) the hardware implementation
B) the Fourier analysis
C) the computational theory
D) the representation and algorithm

Question 31

The computational approach emphasizes the importance of:

A) motion
B) edges
C) figure-ground relationships
D) attention

Question 32

Which of the following statements about the 2.5-D sketch is FALSE?

A) It does not fully capture all of the 3-D information.
B) It is the first stage of Marr's approach to object perception.
C) It is a viewpoint-dependent.
D) It is object-centered.

Question 33

The 2.5-D sketch is not as complete as the 3-D sketch in that it:

A) is formed from information received from only one eye.
B) does not incorporate information derived from motion.
C) is not effective for recognizing an object from different perspectives.
D) is only a two-dimensional representation.

Question 34

In the recognition-by-components approach, basic shapes called __________________ are processed.

A) templates
B) prototypes
C) geons
D) figures

Question 35

It is important for computational theorists to develop algorithms that derive 3-D shape representations from moving 2-D images because:

A) the images on our retinas are 2-D
B) the shape-from-motion cue is the only cue we use in shape perception
C) neurophysiological research does not support our ability to extract shape from motion
D) all of the above

Question 36

When we perceive the shape of an object from the light reflecting off of it, we are using the cue called:

A) shape-from-highlights
B) shape-from-motion
C) shape-from-shading
D) shape-from-texture

Question 37

The __________________ approach proposes that shape perception emerges from both preattentive processing and focused attention.

A) prototype-matching
B) Gestalt
C) computational
D) feature-integration

Question 38

The feature-integration approach emphasizes the importance of:

A) motion
B) edges
C) figure-ground relationships
D) attention

Question 39

According to the feature-integration approach, the first stage involves __________________ which takes place with __________________ processing.

A) preattentive processing; serial
B) preattentive processing; parallel
C) focused attention; serial
D) focused attention; parallel

Question 40

Which of the following statements about the two stages in the feature-integration approach is FALSE?

A) Focused attention requires serial processing.
B) In Stage 1, features such as color, shape, and orientation are automatically encoded.
C) In Stage 2, multiple targets are processed simultaneously.
D) none of the above

Question 41

When looking for the letter "Q" among a group of "O"s, you use __________________ processing. When looking for the letter "P" among a group of "R"s, you use __________________ processing.

A) preattentive; preattentive
B) preattentive; focused
C) focused; preattentive
D) focused; focused

Question 42

According to the __________________ approach, we store abstract, idealized patterns in memory. (p. 131)

A) prototype-matching
B) spatial frequency analysis
C) feature-integration
D) computational

Question 43

Our abstract, stored representation that a chair, in general, has a back, a seat, and four legs is a(n):

A) prototype
B) geon
C) illusion
D) template

Question 44

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The prototype-matching approach can account for our ability to recognize letters in new fonts.
B) The template-matching approach is consistent with neurophysiological evidence.
C) The prototype-matching approach can account for our ability to recognize objects in various orientations.
D) The template-matching approach specifies that we compare the perceived object against a general pattern.

Question 45

In psychology, "context" refers to:

A) the perceiver's current mood
B) the perceiver's own previous experiences
C) the stimuli surrounding the target stimulus
D) all of the above

Question 46

What is the word-superiority effect?

A) We perceive words better than isolated letters.
B) We perceive real words better than nonsense letter strings.
C) We perceive letters better when they appear in words than when they appear in nonwords.
D) We perceive words better when they are in a sentence context than when they are alone.

Question 47

Which of the following was a problem in Cattell's (1886) study on the word-superiority effect that was fixed in Reicher and Wheeler's (1970) study?

A) Observers had memory limitations in reporting what they saw.
B) Observers could use a guessing strategy in some conditions.
C) Observers were not tested in their native language.
D) both A and B

Question 48

Which of the following statements regarding Palmer's studies on the role of context in object perception is FALSE?

A) With short presentations, the role of context was found to be great.
B) With longer presentations, accuracy was high even for objects presented in an inappropriate context.
C) Having no context at all led to the lowest accuracy.
D) Accuracy was greatest when the object to be identified was context-appropriate.

Question 49

A photograph of a young girl wearing a hat is cropped so that the top and edges of the hat are no longer in the picture. In trying to draw the picture from memory, Phil draws the
entire hat, including the top and edges that were missing from the original photo. This is
an example of:

A) backward masking
B) boundary extension
C) an illusory conjunction
D) preattentive processing

Question 50

In looking at the Kanizsa triangle, people report seeing a white triangle against a background of three dark circles. These edges of the triangle that are perceived but not physically present are called:

A) geons
B) illusory contours
C) illusory conjunctions
D) templates

Question 51

Cells in V1:

A) do not respond to illusory contours or real lines
B) respond to both illusory contours and real lines
C) respond to illusory contours but not real lines
D) respond to real lines but not to illusory contours

Question 52

Backward masking occurs when:

A) a later figure makes it easier to see an earlier figure
B) an earlier figure makes it easier to see a later figure
C) a later figure makes it difficult to see an earlier figure
D) an earlier figure makes it difficult to see a later figure

Question 53

In visual perception:

A) forward masking is easier to produce than backward masking.
B) backward masking is easier to produce than forward masking.
C) forward masking and backward masking are both easily producible.
D) backward masking and forward masking are not producible.

Question 54

Regarding our perceptions of stimuli presented in unusual orientations:

A) we have difficulty reading mirror-reflected words and inverted text.
B) we have difficulty reading mirror-reflected words but have no trouble with inverted text.
C) we have difficulty reading inverted text but have no trouble with mirror-reflected words.
D) we have no difficulty reading inverted text or mirror- reflected words.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about face perception is TRUE?

A) We are good at recognizing faces when they are blurred but have difficulty identifying inverted faces.
B) We are good at identifying inverted faces but have difficulty recognizing faces when they are blurred.
C) We are good at recognizing faces when they are blurred as well as when they are inverted.
D) We have difficulty recognizing faces when they are blurred as well as when they are inverted.

Question 56

Which of the following statements about facial attractiveness is FALSE?

A) Faces appear more attractive if they are symmetrical.
B) Faces appear more attractive if they are more similar to the prototypical face.
C) Faces appear more attractive if they are unique.
D) Humans seem predisposed to see some faces as attractive and some as unattractive.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The fusiform face area is located in the temporal lobe.
B) The fusiform face area does not respond to facial features in isolation.
C) The fusiform face area does not respond to non-face objects.
D) The amygdala plays an important role in encoding emotional aspects of faces.