Deck 8: Motion

Question 1

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) The faster an object is moving, the better our detection of motion.
B) The slower an object is moving, the better our detection of motion.
C) We are best able to detect motion when an object is moving at a medium speed.
D) The speed of an object's motion does not influence our ability to detect the motion.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In order for us to detect the motion of an object, it must move at least:

A) 1 cm
B) 1 foot
C) 1 minute of arc
D) 1 degree of visual angle

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) We are unable to detect motion for objects located in the periphery.
B) We are less able to detect motion for objects located in the periphery than at the fovea.
C) We are less able to detect motion for objects located at the fovea than in the periphery.
D) We are equally able to detect motion for objects located at the fovea as in the periphery.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) We can detect motion better under conditions of greater luminance than lesser luminance.
B) We can detect motion better when the stimulus is against a plain background than a textured background.
C) We can detect motion better when the stimulus is visible for longer durations than shorter durations.
D) We can detect motion better when the stimulus is against a stationary background than a moving background.

Question 5

Regarding our perception of self-motion, Helmholtz argued that the __________________ of information was most important while Sherrington argued that the __________________ of information was most important. Evidence supports
__________________.

A) inflow; outflow; Sherrington
B) inflow; outflow; Helmholtz
C) outflow; inflow; Sherrington
D) outflow; inflow; Helmholtz

Question 6

The pattern of movement on our retina is called the:

A) movement aftereffect
B) phi phenomenon
C) self-motion illusion
D) optic flow field

Question 7

We perceive our direction of self-motion with an accuracy of __________________ or less.

A) 1°
B) 2°
C) 3°
D) 4°

Question 8

As an object gets closer to you, the visual angle of the object __________________ because the object takes up a __________________ portion of your retina.

A) increases; larger
B) increases; smaller
C) decreases; larger
D) decreases; smaller

Question 9

The fact that an approaching object takes up increasingly larger portions of your retina provides a motion cue called:

A) disocclusion
B) kinetic depth
C) looming
D) occlusion

Question 10

In motion perception, the "time to contact" is called:

A) β (beta)
B) σ (sigma)
C) τ (tau)
D) α (alpha)

Question 11

Researchers use point-light displays to study our perception of:

A) phi movement
B) biological motion
C) illusory movement
D) movement aftereffects

Question 12

Which of the following statements about biological motion is FALSE?

A) From point-light displays, observers can identify the type of animal present, even when the animal is still.
B) We need only a brief exposure to a point-light display to extract meaningful information.
C) Other animals can also discriminate biological motion from point-light displays.
D) From point-light displays, observers can differentiate whether a person is walking compared to jogging.

Question 13

Research on newborn babies and newly hatched chicks indicates that:

A) Although humans are born with the ability to detect biological motion, chicks are not.
B) Although chicks are born with the ability to detect biological motion, humans are not.
C) Both humans and chicks are born with the ability to detect biological motion.
D) Neither humans nor chicks are born with the ability to detect biological motion.

Question 14

Which of the following can observers determine solely from point-light displays?

A) a person's gender
B) a person's sexual orientation
C) a person's emotional state
D) all of the above

Question 15

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Although it is difficult to perceive inverted faces, it is easy to perceive inverted bodies in a point-light display.
B) Although it is difficult to perceive inverted bodies in a point-light display, it is easy to perceive inverted faces.
C) Just as it is difficult to perceive inverted faces, it is difficult to perceive inverted bodies in a point-light display.
D) Just as it is easy to perceive inverted faces, it is easy to perceive inverted bodies in a point-light display.

Question 16

A string of lights in a store window are set up in such a way that one light flashes, followed by a second one that is adjacent to the first, followed by a third one, etc.
-If the timing between flashes is 60 milliseconds, what will observers perceive?

A) the phi phenomenon
B) no movement
C) an object moving through space
D) no lights

Question 17

A string of lights in a store window are set up in such a way that one light flashes, followed by a second one that is adjacent to the first, followed by a third one, etc.
-If the timing between flashes is 100 milliseconds, what will observers perceive?

A) the phi phenomenon
B) no movement
C) an object moving through space
D) no lights

Question 18

A string of lights in a store window are set up in such a way that one light flashes, followed by a second one that is adjacent to the first, followed by a third one, etc.
-If the timing between flashes is 300 milliseconds, what will observers perceive?

A) the phi phenomenon
B) no movement
C) an object moving through space
D) no lights

Question 19

A flip book uses what kind of illusory movement?

A) induced
B) phi
C) biological
D) stroboscopic

Question 20

Saturday morning cartoons use what kind of illusory movement?

A) induced
B) phi
C) biological
D) stroboscopic

Question 21

Imagine that you were shown two pictures in very rapid succession. The first is an image of a man standing behind a chair. The second is an image of the same man standing in front of the chair. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) You would not perceive apparent movement because the path of movement is impossible (the man cannot move through the chair).
B) You would perceive the apparent movement of the man moving through the chair even though it is impossible.
C) You would experience the phi phenomenon.
D) You would experience movement aftereffects.

Question 22

The autokinetic effect:

A) causes activity in brain area MT
B) causes activity in the STS of the brain
C) causes activity in the frontal lobe of the brain
D) does not cause activity in the brain because it is an illusion

Question 23

Which of the following statements about induced movement is TRUE?

A) Induced movement occurs when a stationary object appears to move to the left because the background moves to the right.
B) Induced movement occurs when a stationary object appears to move to the left because the background moves to the
left.
C) Induced movement occurs when a stationary object appears to move to the right because the background moves to the
right.
D) both B and C

Question 24

When you look up into the dark night sky and fixate on a single star, it appears to move. This is called:

A) autokinesis
B) the phi phenomenon
C) the self-motion illusion
D) induced movement

Question 25

As more stars appear in the sky:

A) the apparent movement effect stays the same
B) the apparent movement effect gets weaker
C) the apparent movement effect gets stronger
D) other stars appear to move as well

Question 26

When clouds move in front of a full moon on a windy night, we perceive that it is the moon that is moving rather than the clouds. This is called:

A) autokinesis
B) the phi phenomenon
C) the self-motion illusion
D) induced movement

Question 27

When sitting inside your car in a parking lot, the car next to you backs up, giving you the perception that your car is actually moving. This is called:

A) autokinesis
B) the phi phenomenon
C) the self-motion illusion
D) induced movement

Question 28

The illusion below is known as the:

A) A. horizontal-vertical illusion
B) Müller-Lyer illusion
C) Pinna-Brelstaff illusion
D) Ponzo illusion

Question 29

If you were to look at a spiral that is rotating clockwise for a couple of minutes and then look at a stationary object (e.g., your hand), you would perceive the illusion that:

A) the stationary object was rotating clockwise
B) the stationary object was rotating counter-clockwise
C) the stationary object had disappeared
D) the stationary object was getting closer to you

Question 30

After staring at the continuous movement of a waterfall for a few minutes, you look at a patch of nearby trees and perceive apparent movement. This is called:

A) movement aftereffects
B) the phi phenomenon
C) the self-motion illusion
D) induced movement

Question 31

Movement aftereffects are most likely explained through:

A) adaptation of retinal cells
B) low-level processes
C) visual fatigue
D) higher-level processes

Question 32

Who has investigated motion perception with the chopstick illusion, the Flying Bluebottle illusion, and the footsteps illusion?

A) John Stevens
B) Akiyoshi Kitaoka
C) Richard Gregory
D) Stuart Anstis

Question 33

Which theory of motion perception proposes that the visual system compares the movement registered on the retina with any signals the brain may have sent about eye movements and head movements?

A) the computational approach
B) the direct perception approach
C) corollary discharge theory
D) the energy model

Question 34

According to __________________, when the comparison structure detects a difference between the image-retina system and the input from the eye-head system, we __________________.

A) the direct perception approach; perceive motion
B) the direct perception approach; perceive no motion
C) corollary discharge theory; perceive motion
D) corollary discharge theory; perceive no motion

Question 35

In which of the following cases would the observer perceive motion?

A) when there is no corollary discharge and no sensory input from the retina
B) when there is no corollary discharge but there is sensory input from the retina
C) when there is corollary discharge and sensory input from the retina
D) both B and C

Question 36

Upon entering a room, you move your eyes to the left and notice a man sitting in a chair. According to corollary discharge theory, even though you have moved your eyes, you perceive that the man is not moving because:

A) the input from the image-retina system and the eye-head system are the same
B) the input from the image-retina system and the eye-head system are different
C) there is no corollary discharge
D) there is no sensory input from the retina

Question 37

According to corollary discharge theory, if you are tracking the path of a hit baseball with your eyes, you can detect that it is moving because:

A) there is corollary discharge and sensory input from the retina
B) there is corollary discharge but there is no sensory input from the retina
C) there is no corollary discharge but there is sensory input from the retina
D) there is no corollary discharge and no sensory input from the retina

Question 38

Which theory of motion perception argues that the environment is rich with information about movement?

A) the computational approach
B) the direct perception approach
C) corollary discharge theory
D) the energy model

Question 39

We can detect that an object is moving by comparing its movement to the movement of the background. This source of information from the environment deals with:

A) relative movement
B) optic flow fields
C) binocular cues
D) image size

Question 40

You are standing on the sidewalk watching cars drive past you. In the process of moving down the street, a car blocks your view of the street sign on the other side of the street. This is called:

A) the phi phenomenon
B) looming
C) occlusion
D) disocclusion

Question 41

For a looming object, when occlusion is much greater for objects on the left side and disocclusion is much greater for objects on the right side, we perceive that:

A) the object is traveling toward our left ear
B) the object is traveling toward our right ear
C) the object is traveling directly toward us
D) the object is not moving

Question 42

The correspondence problem affects the visual system as it detects motion in that:

A) our perception of movement depends not only on the moving object, but also on the background
B) as some objects in the visual field become uncovered (through disocclusion), others become covered (through occlusion)
C) our visual system is susceptible to perceiving illusions
D) we must link an image on the retina at one time point to a slightly different image at another time point

Question 43

Which theory of motion perception focuses on the retinal changes that take place over space and time?

A) the computational approach
B) the direct perception approach
C) corollary discharge theory
D) the energy model

Question 44

Which one of the following cues is NOT used in perceiving second-order motion?

A) luminance
B) contrast
C) flicker
D) texture

Question 45

Although it is likely that all three visual pathways play some role in motion perception, the __________________ pathway seems most important.

A) K
B) M
C) S
D) P

Question 46

When people experience the motion aftereffect illusion, there is activity in:

A) V5
B) V1
C) the STS
D) MT

Question 47

Akinetopsia is:

A) the inability to perceive movement
B) the inability to perceive color
C) the inability to make eye-movements
D) the inability to move

Question 48

Akinetopsia is most likely caused by damage to the brain in and around:

A) V5
B) V1
C) the STS
D) MT

Question 49

The dorsal part of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) is important for:

A) encoding corollary discharges
B) perceiving optic flow
C) initiating eye movements
D) perceiving biological motion

Question 50

Which brain area plays an important role in our perception of biological motion?

A) the STS
B) MSTd
C) MT
D) V1

Question 51

Which of the following brain areas plays an important role in determining how the observer is moving through space?

A) the medial superior temporal area
B) the ventral intraparietal area
C) the amygdala
D) both A and B

Question 52

The superior colliculus is important for:

A) initiating corollary discharges
B) perceiving optic flow
C) initiating eye movements
D) perceiving biological motion

Question 53

Which of the following shows the path of corollary discharge information?

A) superior colliculus Æ MT Æ frontal cortex
B) amygdala Æ V1 Æ STS
C) superior colliculus Æ medial dorsal nucleus Æ FEF
D) STS Æ MTSd Æ V1