Deck 12: Negotiating Marriages

Question 1

"Spontaneous consensus"

A) Is agreement arrived at without consideration by the parties involved.
B) Is likely in societies at the "total differentiation" end of the gender role continuum.
C) Is likely in societies at the "androgyny" end of the gender role continuum.
D) Both (a) and (b) above.
E) Both (a) and (c) above.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

"Power exercised without the consent of the governed, or in socially unapproved ways, is

A) Authority.
B) Illegitimate power.
C) Influence.
D) Conjugal power.
E) Charismatic power.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

"The ability of spouses to affect each other's behavior" is

A) Authority.
B) Illegitimate power.
C) Influence.
D) Conjugal power.
E) Charismatic power.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A "norm of reciprocity"

A) Prescribes that favors be repaid.
B) Establishes a relationship in which one partner clearly gets a better deal.
C) Determines who gets custody of minor children in a divorce.
D) Can be established only when the couple's division of housework labor is exactly equal.
E) Requires a prenuptial agreement.

Question 5

In the resource-based theory of conjugal power,

A) Decision making is not considered relevant to who actually has the power.
B) Partner A's love for B is A's source of power.
C) Partner A's love for B is B's source of power.
D) Both (a) and (b) above.
E) Both (a) and (c) above.

Question 6

Gender-based tests of the resource theory of power have generally found that

A) The theory accurately predicts power for both husbands and wives.
B) The theory accurately predicts power for neither husbands nor wives.
C) The theory accurately predicts power for wives but not for husbands.
D) The theory accurately predicts power for husbands but not for wives.
E) The theory accurately predicts power for cohabiting men and women but not for married ones.

Question 7

Lipmen-Blumen's "Micromanipulation"

A) Is a strategy used by men more than by women.
B) Is an indirect form of power using circumvention, influence, and subversion.
C) Results at least partly from the fact that men have more power in society as a whole.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (b) and (c) above.

Question 8

Kranichfeld's "masculinization of power"

A) Is the social process whereby men take and hold positions of political power in society.
B) Is the biological process whereby men are naturally more likely to develop an interest in power.
C) Is the process of defining power in a way that does not recognize women's forms of power.
D) Is the process by which men are increasingly gaining power in intimate couples.
E) Is the attempt to reward men when they behave in more egalitarian ways.

Question 9

Blood and Wolfe's "syncratic" power type

A) Is egalitarian and gives the husband and wife each power in different areas.
B) Is egalitarian and involves shared decision-making in several different areas.
C) Is egalitarian and gives the husband and wife power at different times of the year.
D) Is characterized by the wife having more decision-making power.
E) Is characterized by the husband having more decision-making power.

Question 10

According to Becker's human capital theory of conjugal power,

A) It is rational for a couple to maximize their joint rewards by specializing in different activities.
B) The couple's rational choice is to both work full-time outside the home to maximize their total joint rewards.
C) Couples with low educational levels will tend to be the most egalitarian.
D) Couples should have as many children as possible to maximize their potential retirement support.
E) Rational people should not get married so they can keep all their assets themselves.

Question 11

In the Balswicks' "empowerment model"

A) Power is properly viewed as a series of quid pro quo exchanges.
B) For one person to win, the other has to lose.
C) Each partner can use resources to increase the resources of the other partner.
D) Both (a) and (b) above.
E) Both (a) and (c) above.

Question 12

Comparing the "justice perspective" and the "care perspective",

A) The "justice perspective" focuses on autonomy, self-interest, rational thoughts, and abstract standards of rights and justice.
B) The "justice perspective" focuses on qualities more generally associated with men.
C) The "justice perspective" is the basis for most traditional analyses of power.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (a) and (c) above.

Question 13

In the marital role relationship typology, which role deals with the emotional and instrumental needs of the couple, providing sympathy, understanding, and advice?

A) The therapeutic role.
B) The kinship role.
C) The child-socialization role.
D) The religious role.
E) The housekeeper role.

Question 14

Pahl's research on such systems as the "female whole wage system" and the "pooling system" was dealing with which of the marital roles?

A) The kinship role.
B) The provider role.
C) The religious role.
D) The housekeeping role.
E) The recreational role.

Question 15

Orthner's type "joint activities"

A) Was related to the provider role.
B) Required the least amount of interaction and communication.
C) Was particularly beneficial for individuals and families.
D) Both (a) and (b) above.
E) Both (a) and (c) above.

Question 16

Berger and Kellner say that couples revise their definitions of reality and redefine old friends and past events. Berger and Kellner see this as

A) An unfortunate loss of individuality.
B) Codependency, which is a form of mental illness.
C) A conscious and intentional effort on the part of couples to get along.
D) A normal process of developing a shared view of the world.
E) A leading cause of divorce in American today.

Question 17

According to Cuber and Haroff, a marriage in which it seems as though neither of the partners has ever had a truly separate existence

A) Is a vital marriage.
B) Is a total marriage.
C) Is a type of utilitarian marriage.
D) Both (a) and (c) above.
E) Both (b) and (c) above.

Question 18

Of types of marital quality, marital stability is determined by

A) How happy each spouse thinks his or her own life is.
B) How happy each spouse views the marriage to be.
C) The propensity of the couple to divorce.
D) The extent to which their division of labor is clearly established.
E) Whether they can disagree without being disagreeable.

Question 19

What part of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale measures the couple's feeling of togetherness?

A) Affectional expression.
B) Dyadic cohesion.
C) Dyadic satisfaction.
D) Dyadic consensus.
E) Dyadic attraction.

Question 20

Studies on correlates of marital happiness generally support which of the following?

A) There appear to be no racial differences in marital happiness.
B) Income makes a big difference in marital happiness for men, but no difference for women.
C) People who attend religious services frequently report happier marriages than people who do not.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 21

Homogamy is probably related to greater marital happiness for all categories EXCEPT

A) Age.
B) Race.
C) Social class.
D) Religion.
E) Homogamy is related to greater marital happiness for ALL the above categories.

Question 22

What is the relationship between having children and marital quality?

A) Mothers score higher on the social cohesion scale than do women without children.
B) Couples who do not yet have children, or those whose children have grown and left, have higher marital satisfaction than those with children currently in the home.
C) Presence of preschool children increases marital stability, at least temporarily.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (b) and (c) above.

Question 23

It is true about the relationship between communication and marital quality that

A) Good communication is strongly related to marital quality.
B) Joint decision making and egalitarian communication styles are associated with higher level of marital satisfaction.
C) Frequency of sexual intercourse and frequency of orgasm are more strongly associated with overall sexual satisfaction than is satisfaction with sexual communication.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (a) and (b) above.

Question 24

Positivity, openness, assurances, network, and sharing

A) Are components of the dyadic adjustment scale.
B) Are maintenance behaviors.
C) Are styles of work/family arrangements.
D) Are ways of dealing with the religious role.
E) Are ways of measuring marital stability.

Question 25

The U-shaped relationship between family stages and satisfaction

A) Suggests that satisfaction is highest in the early marriage and the retirement stage.
B) Has been confirmed by virtually all American studies.
C) Has been confirmed by virtually all studies of non-American couples.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (a) and (b) above.

Question 26

Studies of living arrangements of persons 65 and older find that

A) Whites are more likely to be living with their spouse than are either Blacks or Hispanics.
B) Blacks are more likely to be living alone than are either Whites or Hispanics.
C) Men are more likely to be living alone than are women.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (a) and (b) above.

Question 27

The "empty nest syndrome"

A) Is role loss after a spouse has died.
B) Is more common among men than among women.
C) Is common today.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 28

The type of retirement in which a male as sole breadwinner retires is referred to as

A) Synchronized.
B) Traditional.
C) Dissynchronized-husband first.
D) Dissynchronized-wife first.
E) Untenable role loss.

Question 29

"The socially constructed expectations regarding reactions to death" are referred to as

A) Grief.
B) Bereavement.
C) Mourning.
D) Thanotopsis.
E) Funeriary.

Question 30

Present the Gender Role Continuum and indicate where the United States would currently be placed-and why.

Question 31

Explain and critique Blood and Wolfe's theory of conjugal power.

Question 32

In what ways might women exert power differently than men? Why?

Question 33

How might "empowerment theories" of power change the way family scholars study conjugal relationships?

Question 34

Is has been argued that communication is more important in postindustrial marriages than in earlier marriages. Why might this be true?

Question 35

In what ways do couples negotiate new meanings in their marriage?

Question 36

What are the different ways in which marital quality can be measured?

Question 37

Select one the of variables that is correlated with marital happiness, then explain the different ways in which causality might be involved.

Question 38

What is the life cycle of a marriage? How is it related to marital happiness?

Question 39

Explain how the changing demographics of the elderly might affect social security in the future.