Deck 13: Parents and Children

Question 1

A primary relationship is

A) Continuing interaction by individuals in more than one role.
B) Continuing interaction by individuals in only one role.
C) Characterized by personal, direct, and intimate interaction.
D) Both (a) and (c) above.
E) Both (b) and (c) above.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

With respect to the socialization continuum, orderly replacement

A) Refers to the idea that men and women do essentially the same tasks.
B) Is socialization in which each generation is an essential duplicate of the preceding generation.
C) Occurs when extrafamilial agents slowly take over the socialization task from parents.
D) Is more likely to occur in industrial societies than in hunting-gathering ones.
E) Requires redefinition of culture by each generation.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

It is true about the history of childhood that

A) Childhood and adolescence are recognized stages of development in all known societies.
B) Adolescence was not seen as a special stage of development until after the industrial revolution.
C) Aries found evidence of a clearly distinct stage of childhood as far back as 2,000 B.C.
D) Stages of development are biological facts, not social constructions.
E) While adolescence has always been seen as a special stage of development, childhood is relatively new.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which group of American women today is most likely to say they do not want to have children?

A) Poorly educated women with traditional gender role expectations.
B) Poorly educated women with non-traditional gender role expectations.
C) Highly educated professional women with traditional gender role expectations.
D) Highly educated professional women with non-traditional gender role expectations.
E) All the above groups are equally likely not to want children.

Question 5

In surveys, adult Americans have been asked to choose the sex of child if they could have only one child. What have the results been?

A) In 1941, most preferred to have a boy but now most prefer a girl.
B) In 1941, most preferred to have a girl but now most prefer a boy.
C) The preference for boys has remained relatively constant over time.
D) The preference for girls has remained relatively constant over time.
E) Men have always preferred girls while women have always preferred boys.

Question 6

With respect to the cost of raising children, it is true that

A) Parents spend more on an only child than they do for a child with siblings.
B) Middle income parents spend about the same amount per child as upper-income parents do.
C) Parents in rural areas spend more per child than do parents in urban areas.
D) All of the above.
E) Both (a) and (c) above.

Question 7

With regard to the adjustment of having a first child,

A) It is associated with declining satisfaction with marriage, sex life, and life in general.
B) Women who remain in the labor force report lowered job satisfaction.
C) The stress is greater for women with unwanted children than for women with wanted children.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (a) and (c) above.

Question 8

Alice Rossi compared the transition to parenthood to other kinds of role changes such as job changes or getting married. She concluded that

A) The transition to parenthood is no more stressful than a job change.
B) The transition to parenthood affects the husband-wife relationship more directly and pervasively than most other role changes.
C) Transition to parenthood is less stressful today than in the past because child-raising norms are now clearer and better known.
D) Both (a) and (c) above.
E) Both (b) and (c) above.

Question 9

It is true about the transition to parenthood that

A) Working-class couples have less difficulty with the transition than do middle-class couples.
B) Sense of partnership with one's spouse is likely to increase.
C) Parenting satisfaction is significantly higher for married couples than for unmarried couples.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (c) and (d) above.

Question 10

The "traditionalizing influence of parenthood" refers to the idea that

A) Traditional pronatalist expectations strongly influence couples without children.
B) Having a child forces couples with traditional gender-role expectations to develop more flexible and egalitarian roles.
C) Once they have a child, a couple's gender roles tend to become more traditional.
D) Parents generally teach their children to have more traditional gender roles than they themselves have.
E) High rates of parenthood in a society tends to destabilize the traditional normative structure.

Question 11

Maternal deprivation theory

A) Held that women who do not have children are depriving themselves of the opportunity to be more fully human.
B) Held that a child must have a warm, continuous, exclusive, and virtually full-time emotional involvement with its mother.
C) Is now largely discredited.
D) Both (a) and (c) above.
E) Both (b) and (c) above.

Question 12

It can generally be concluded about fathering that

A) Children in America today are best off when there is a sense of closeness with both mother and father.
B) Children are clearly better off when their fathers have a more traditional gender-role relationship with their mother.
C) Children are clearly better off when their fathers have a non-traditional, egalitarian gender role relationship with their mother.
D) Both (a) and (b) above.
E) Both (a) and (c) above.

Question 13

It is true about the use of non-parental child care for children under six that

A) Whites and Blacks are more likely to use non-parental care than are Hispanics.
B) Whites are more likely to employ non-relative personal care than are Blacks or Hispanics.
C) Blacks are more likely to use relatives for child care than are either Whites or Hispanics.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (b) and (c) above.

Question 14

It is probably true about the effect of non-parental child care that

A) Overall, children in non-parental care fare slightly worse than those in maternal care in cognitive development, social-emotional qualities, behavioral outcomes, and the attachment of the children to their mothers.
B) Children in high-quality non-parental care compare favorably to those in parental care.
C) Much non-parental care is not of high quality.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (b) and (c) above.

Question 15

Among psychological theories of socialization,

A) Freud has the most optimistic view of human nature.
B) Freud, Erikson, and Piaget all used stage theories of development.
C) Freud focused on cognitive development while Erikson and Piaget did not.
D) Erikson's concept of the libido was unimportant to both Freud and Piaget.
E) Erikson was less concerned about adult development than either Freud or Piaget.

Question 16

In the social control and bonding theory of Travis Hirschi,

A) The libido is differently focused at various stages of development.
B) The variables of belief, attachment, commitment, and involvement affect the probability that a juvenile will become delinquent.
C) Children go through a clear series of cognitive developments.
D) The eight stages of development each pose a separate challenge to the individual.
E) Children learn only by rewards and punishments.

Question 17

To B. F. Skinner, a "contingency"

A) Is a change in the environment that affects the behavior preceding it.
B) Can be either a punishment or a reward.
C) Must be understood in the context of social learning.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (a) and (b) above.

Question 18

In socialization theory, "modeling" is

A) Repetition of an observed set of behaviors.
B) A type of observational learning.
C) An important concept in the social learning perspective.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (a) and (c) above.

Question 19

According to Cooley's concept of the "looking glass self,"

A) We all generally overestimate our physical attractiveness.
B) We all generally underestimate our physical attractiveness.
C) We come to see ourselves as we think other persons see us.
D) Our sense of self is fragile and likely to be shattered at any time.
E) Most of us are far too egocentric.

Question 20

The "generalized other"

A) Is the internalized image persons have of the expectations of society as a whole.
B) Is important to the socialization theory of George Herbert Mead.
C) Is important to the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud.
D) Both (a) and (b) above.
E) Both (a) and (c) above.

Question 21

According to the genetics critique by David C. Rowe,

A) Socialization theorists make a flawed connection between parental behavior and children's behavior.
B) Freud and others relied too heavily on biological explanation of socialization.
C) The concept of race has been overused by sociologists.
D) The important things about persons are learned.
E) Learning plays absolutely no role in the socialization process.

Question 22

"A person who provides an image with which an observer identifies and may wish to emulate" is the definition of

A) Socialization agent.
B) Role model.
C) Bonding agent.
D) Generalized other.
E) Child idol.

Question 23

It is true about spanking that

A) There appears to be a correlation between spanking and certain negative child outcomes.
B) A direct causal relationship between mild and occasional spanking and negative child reactions has definitely been found.
C) Popularity of spanking has gone down somewhat is recent years.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (a) and (c) above.

Question 24

In Baumrind's typology of parenting styles, __________ parents have rigid expectation about proper behavior and see unquestioned obedience to these expectations as the most important quality of their children.

A) Permissive.
B) Authoritative.
C) Authoritarian.
D) Both authoritative and authoritarian.
E) None of the above.

Question 25

Most studies of parenting styles find which type to generally have the most positive outcome for children?

A) Punitive.
B) Permissive.
C) Authoritarian.
D) Authoritative.
E) Absent.

Question 26

A classic study by Melvin Kohn found that

A) Parenting styles are affected by the nature of the parents' work in the paid labor force.
B) Authoritarian parenting is more typical of working class or poor families than of middle class families.
C) Working class families are more permissive than are middle class families.
D) Both (a) and (b) above.
E) Both (a) and (c) above.

Question 27

The term "daughter track" refers to

A) The idea that daughters are less likely to be sent to college than are sons.
B) The role expectation that an adult daughter will have primary responsibility for familial elder care.
C) The tendency of daughters to lose contact with their parents once they get married.
D) The increasing tendency for daughters to take over the family business.
E) The tendency of younger brothers to follow in the occupational footsteps of their older sisters.

Question 28

Cherlin and Furstenberg's typology of companionate, remote, or involved applies to

A) Parenting styles.
B) Attitudes of adult children toward their aging parents.
C) Grandparenting styles.
D) Attitudes aging spouses have toward each other.
E) Non-parental child care workers.

Question 29

Research on single parents and children has generally concluded that

A) Children do as well with single mothers as with two parents, but turn out worse with single fathers.
B) Children do as well with single fathers as with two parents, but turn out worse with single mothers.
C) Children are generally better off being raised by two loving parents than by one.
D) Parental composition has no generally effect on child outcomes.
E) Rates of juvenile delinquency are higher in two-parent than in one-parent homes.

Question 30

Bogenschneider's studies of the relationship between parental involvement in schools and children's grades found

A) A strong correlation between parental involvement and children's grades.
B) Mother involvement was correlated with children's grades for both single mothers and for mothers in biological two-parent homes.
C) Single mothers were much less likely to be highly involved in schools than were mothers in biological two-parent families.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (a) and (b) above.

Question 31

With respect to research on the effects on children of being raised by lesbian mothers, the most disputed of the "no difference" findings probably relates to

A) Sexual orientation of children.
B) Parenting ability.
C) Sexual molestation of children.
D) Mental health of lesbian mothers.
E) Gender-role development of children.

Question 32

Present the socialization continuum. Indicate where the United States is today, and why.

Question 33

Summarize the history of "childhood" as a separate stage of human development.

Question 34

Compare the research on the positive and negative aspects of the transition to parenthood.

Question 35

What forces are at work in the traditionalizing influence of parenthood?

Question 36

What is the "maternal deprivation" theory? What were its political implications?

Question 37

Summarize the use and consequences of non-parental child care.

Question 38

Compare Skinner's behaviorism with social learning theory.

Question 39

Assuming Hirschi's social control and bonding theory is correct, what social programs might be effective in reducing juvenile delinquency?

Question 40

What is the case for and against spanking children?

Question 41

Compare and contrast the authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative styles of parenting. Summarize the research that has been done on this subject.

Question 42

What are the factors that generally make outcomes of single parenting worse than those achieved by two-parent homes?

Question 43

Summarize the results of research about the impact on children raised by lesbian parents.