Deck 5: Race Relations in the 19th and 20th Centuries

Question 1

Sociologist Milton Gordon expanded on Park's notion of assimilation, by noting that Park only emphasized cultural assimilation, whereas the ultimate measure of assimilation was _______, where dominant and subordinate groups merge in interpersonal relationships as well as internalizing the norms of the dominant group (integration in intimate relationships, such as families, friendship networks, social circles, and marriages).

A) Cultural
B) Amalgamation
C) Structural
D) Civic

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways assimilation can take place, according to sociologist Milton Gordon?

A) Anglo-conformity
B) Melting pot
C) Cultural pluralism
D) Two-way assimilation

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following groups of Americans were subjected to systematic attempts at forced assimilation by the U.S. government?

A) Native Americans
B) Irish Americans
C) African Americans
D) Mexican Americans

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In the post-Civil War era, and again in the post-Reconstruction era, governments of the southern states began implementing legislation known as the _________, which were laws that restricted black freedom of movement, travel, and access to better jobs, and included complex and changing rules concerning appropriate racial etiquette and vagrancy laws that forced blacks to work or be incarcerated.

A) Black Codes
B) Civil Codes
C) Restricted access legislation
D) Power-threat legislation

Question 5

Which of the following Supreme Court cases declared segregation constitutionally protected, as long as "separate but equal" facilities were provided.

A) Brown v. Board of Education
B) Plessy v. Ferguson
C) Dred Scott v. Sanford
D) Furman v. Georgia

Question 6

The term 'Jim Crow' refers to which of the following?

A) The American system of racial segregation in the post-Reconstruction and pre-Civil Rights era South
B) A character in a minstrel show
C) Both of the above
D) None of the above

Question 7

Which immigrant group was targeted for immigration restriction to this country due to their race and the view that they would never be able to successfully assimilate into American society?

A) Irish
B) Germans
C) Chinese
D) Japanese

Question 8

Which of the following was a former Confederate Cavalry General who organized and led the first Ku Klux Klan meeting in April 1867 with the explicit goal of reducing black political participation?

A) Nathan Bedford Forrest
B) Dred Scott
C) T. D. "Daddy" Rice
D) Leonidis C. Dyer

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an example of African American resistance to racism, discrimination, and Jim Crow segregation?

A) The formation of the NAACP
B) The emergence of an anti-lynching movement
C) An embrace of segregation as a form of black empowerment
D) The emergence of black labor organizing

Question 10

Which of the following is evidence of the manifestation of anti-immigrant hostility in the mid-to-late 1800s:

A) Increase in nativism and xenophobia
B) Employment discrimination targeting certain immigrant groups
C) Passage of immigration restrictions
D) All of the above are evidence of anti-immigrant hostility of the era

Question 11

Which of the following nations emulated the U.S. in their restrictive immigration legislation?

A) Australia
B) Canada
C) South Africa
D) New Zealand

Question 12

Anti-Catholic sentiment took political form in the emergence of the _________. One of its primary goals was to keep Catholics and immigrants from being allowed to hold political office; fervently anti-immigrant, its members believed that America should be a Protestant country, and feared that Catholics were hostile to U.S. values and would be more loyal to the Pope than to the United States.

A) Democratic Party
B) Populist Party
C) Know-Nothing Party
D) Republican Party

Question 13

Sinophobia is a term to describe the fear and hatred of which group of people?

A) Irish
B) Chinese
C) Jewish
D) African Americans

Question 14

Which of the following immigrant groups of the late nineteenth century entered the United States with more education and industrial experience than other immigrant groups and the American population at large?

A) Irish immigrants
B) Jewish immigrants
C) Chinese immigrants
D) Italian immigrants

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT an example of the attempted forced assimilation of Native Americans during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A) Forced relocations of Native Americans to reservations
B) The boarding school movement
C) Military battles
D) The encouragement of private property ownership through legislation that led to the breakup of communally held lands

Question 16

This event, in which over 300 Native Americans men, women, and children were killed, marks the end of the "Indian Wars" and Native American autonomy.

A) Massacre at Wounded Knee
B) Custer's Last Stand
C) Ghost Dance
D) Sand Creek Massacre

Question 17

This African American woman was a teacher, journalist, activist, one of the founders of the NAACP, and became best known for her anti-lynching activism.

A) Ida B. Wells
B) Jessie P. Daniels
C) Harriet Tubman
D) Mary White Ovington

Question 18

This organization became the most powerful black union and worked for labor rights for all black workers, as well as for basic civil rights for African Americans.

A) Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
B) IWW (Industrial Workers of the World)
C) United Mine Workers
D) United Auto Workers

Question 19

This term refers to when a member of one racial group becomes accepted as and understood by others to be a member of another racial group; the term has most often referred to African Americans who become seen and accepted as white.

A) Fleeting
B) Passing
C) Transients
D) Jim Crow

Question 20

Racial hierarchies are not static; instead they are constantly responding to changing social and historical conditions, as well as to challenges from subordinate groups.

Question 21

Dramatic social changes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century resulted in a society in flux, where the social order could not be taken for granted, and where clashes between racial/ethnic groups intensified.

Question 22

Some have described the violence and oppression of the Jim Crow era directed against African Americans as a time that was "worse than slavery."

Question 23

While slavery can be viewed as an example of racial dictatorship, the ten years known as the Reconstruction era can be viewed as the beginning of a racial democracy, where the actions of the federal government supported the full civil and political rights of blacks.

Question 24

In the mid-to-late 1800s, the United States experienced an immigration explosion that had dramatic consequences for the nation.

Question 25

No other European ethnic group faced the discrimination that the Catholic Irish faced in the United States; help wanted ads discouraged Irish men and women from applying, by stating "No Irish need apply," even for menial jobs. In the South, work considered too dangerous for slaves was considered ideal for Irish laborers.

Question 26

Anti-Semitic feelings among non-Jewish students grew on college campuses and soon admissions quotas became commonplace, particularly in professional schools of law and medicine, thus restricting Jewish access to some of the most prestigious occupations in American society.

Question 27

The Indian Citizenship Act, which granted U.S. citizenship to all Indians, was the result of Indian demands that they be fully included in the U.S. as citizens.

Question 28

Most labor unions of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were racially integrated, adhering to the belief that a united labor force was a more powerful challenge to capitalism.

Question 29

Passing can be understood as resistance to the racial hierarchy and, simultaneously, acquiescence to it.

Question 30

Why is assimilation the preferred model for race/ethnic relations according to functionalists?

Question 31

What is meant by the notion that the United States is a melting pot? Provide a sociological critique of that understanding of American assimilation.

Question 32

To what extent has the United States favored the assimilation of racial/ethnic minorities? Provide examples of when assimilation has not been an option for particular racial/ethnic groups. What are some factors that influence the ability of a group to assimilate into the dominant culture? What are some factors that inhibit a group's chances of assimilating into the dominant culture?

Question 33

Provide evidence that this period in history-the late nineteenth and early twentieth century-was a racial dictatorship. Conversely, provide evidence that this period could be described as the beginning of a racial democracy.

Question 34

In detail, describe at least three attempts at the forced assimilation of Native Americans during the late 1800s and early 1900s by the U.S. government. How successful have these efforts been?

Question 35

Describe similarities and differences between the racism and discrimination directed at African Americans and Native Americans versus that directed at European immigrants, particularly Irish and Jewish immigrants.

Question 36

Use Hubert M. Blalock's power-threat hypothesis to explain the preponderance of lynching and race riots during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Question 37

Describe the changing racial ideologies associated with the shift from slavery to Jim Crow and thus how racial discrimination against African Americans changed.

Question 38

Explain why a service occupation like that of sleeping car porter was such an important job for African American men.

Question 39

Define passing. Explain the costs and benefits of passing for African Americans during the Jim Crow era.