Deck 4: Emergence of the Us Racial Hierarchy

Question 1

Between the 1500s and the mid-1800s, Native Americans experienced a ________, or the deliberate and systematic attempt to eradicate a group of people, at the hands of whites through the introduction of disease, war, forced relocation, and cultural denigration.

A) Genocide
B) New world order
C) Systemic shift
D) None of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons Africans were originally enslaved in the New World.

A) Africans were perceived as more suited for the agricultural labor demands than Native Americans
B) Africans were enslaved due to anti-black racism
C) African escaped slaves were more easily recognizable
D) Black slaves were viewed as a less expensive option than European indentured servitude

Answer 2

B

Question 3

James C. Scott argues that subordinate group resistance takes the form of a _________, which are the actions and interactions that occur outside the gaze of members of the dominant group and challenge the subordinate status of minority groups.

A) Public transcript
B) Hidden transcript
C) Subterranean resistance
D) Ethnocentric transcript

Answer 3

B

Question 4

This refers to expectations about appropriate behavior for men and women that varies along racial lines.

A) Gendered racism
B) Androcentrism
C) Sex/Gender system
D) Racialized gender construct

Question 5

Which of the following are necessary conditions for racial and ethnic inequality to emerge in society?

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Unequal power, a situation where one group is able to exploit the other
C) Opportunity to benefit from exploitation
D) All of the above

Question 6

Capitalism as an economic system emerged in conjunction with ________, the European contact with and exploitation and domination of the Native peoples of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

A) Colonialism
B) Patriarchy
C) Globalization
D) Imperialism

Question 7

Cox argues that American racism, particularly in the South, was created by _________because it benefitted them: they could exploit black workers and keep white workers from realizing their potential solidarity with the black working class. Such a "divide and conquer" strategy benefits capitalism in that a divided workforce has less power in the labor market.

A) Slave traders
B) White capitalists
C) Republicans
D) Democrats

Question 8

This perspective on racial/ethnic inequality emphasizes that white workers fuel antagonisms between racial groups in the labor force which ultimately benefit them as white workers.

A) Marxist
B) Internal colonialist
C) Assimilationist
D) Split labor market

Question 9

The term _______________ was introduced by sociologists Oliver and Shapiro to describe how government policies have impaired the ability of blacks to accumulate wealth and facilitated white wealth accumulation, with slavery being the most blatant example.

A) Racialization of state policy
B) Symbolic interactionism
C) Anglo-conformity
D) Racialized welfare

Question 10

Cultural ideologies are fueled through _______, which are exaggerated and/or simplified portrayals of an entire group of people, based upon misinformation or mischaracterizations.

A) Stereotypes
B) Norms
C) Stratification
D) Prejudice

Question 11

This refers to the belief that one's own culture or group's ways of doing things are superior to others and is one of the necessary conditions for racial/ethnic inequality to emerge.

A) Stereotypes
B) Ethnocentrism
C) Eurocentrism
D) Stratification

Question 12

Which of the following racial/ethnic minority groups did NOT resist their oppression and exploitation?

A) African Americans
B) Mexican Americans
C) Native Americans
D) All of the above groups resisted their oppression and exploitation in some way

Question 13

Which of the following is a way white workers have been able to maintain a split labor market and secure a dominant position in the labor market for themselves?

A) Elections
B) Unions
C) Violence
D) Popular appeal

Question 14

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the emergence of the concept of "race" and the racial hierarchy worldview?

A) Colonialism
B) Trans-Atlantic slave trade
C) Views of black inferiority based on skin color
D) Capitalism

Question 15

_______ refers to the societal norms and expectations associated with the behavior of men and women and is a social construction in that definitions of appropriate behavior have changed across time and place.

A) Sex
B) Gendered racism
C) Gender
D) Transgender

Question 16

Slave owners used which of the following justifications for their role in "breeding" more slaves with slave women.

A) That slave women were breeders rather than mothers
B) It was part of their rights of ownership
C) It was a good business practice
D) All of the above

Question 17

When was the international slave trade abolished by United States Congress?

A) 1807
B) 1835
C) 1870
D) 1920

Question 18

Africans were not oppressed, exploited, and enslaved because they were black. The emergence of the trans-Atlantic slave trade actually helped create "race," the idea of dividing humanity into hierarchical categories based upon physical appearances.

Question 19

Contact between different racial/ethnic groups leads inevitably to racial/ethnic inequality.

Question 20

Haiti stands alone as a nation which emerged out of a successful slave rebellion.

Question 21

Upon encountering Europeans, many Africans, Native Americans, and Mexicans were subjected to notions of gender and sexuality that often challenged their cultural norms.

Question 22

In order to understand race, racism, and race relations today, social scientists argue that it is important to take history into account in order to understand why these patterns of racial inequality first arose and the ways they influence race relations today.

Question 23

The world has not always been "raced;" meaning societies have not always been organized along the lines of physical features such as skin color with economic, political, social, and psychological rewards awarded or denied along such lines.

Question 24

Cultural beliefs of superiority and inferiority along racial lines emerged almost one hundred years into the slave trade, roughly between 1667 and 1682, as a way to justify the exploitation of Africans; Africans were not enslaved because they were viewed as inferior to whites.

Question 25

Prior to World War II, unions had a long history of racial segregation that was maintained through violence and coercion, which served the interests of minority workers by keeping competition in the job market to a minimum.

Question 26

Initial low population estimates of the number of indigenous people in North America upon European arrival were politically motivated: it helped portray the European conquest of North America as legitimate because it was depicted as a relatively uninhabited continent.

Question 27

President Jackson blatantly ignored a Supreme Court ruling in a dispute over land that favored the Cherokee, and he forcibly relocated them with use of the U.S. military.

Question 28

Use two of the sociological perspectives theories introduced in this chapter to explain the emergence of racial/ethnic inequality in the United States.

Question 29

Describe the unique historical exploitation of African Americans, Native Americans and Mexican Americans. Compare and contrast the exploitation of each group.

Question 30

Engaging with theoretical perspectives from both Karl Marx and Oliver Cromwell Cox, describe how capitalism, colonialism, and racism are historically linked and continually reinforce each other.

Question 31

Describe the ways gender and sexuality intersect with racial/ethnic inequality to reinforce white racial domination, during slavery and through the processes of colonialism in the United States.

Question 32

Provide a detailed example of resistance to racial/ethnic inequality from African Americans, Native Americans, and Mexican American groups.

Question 33

Explain the emergence of the concept of race and the creation of a societal hierarchy that is based upon physical appearance.

Question 34

Describe the resistance to oppression and discrimination among African Americans, Native Americans, and Mexican Americans.

Question 35

Describe the specific types of exploitation Native American women experienced as a result of European colonialism.