Deck 12: Arenas of Racial Integration: Interracial Relationships, Multiracial Families, Biracialmultiracial Identities, Sports, and the Military

Question 1

Milton Gordon (1964) identified seven stages of assimilation, or the perspective that minority groups gradually become absorbed into the dominant group. The final phase of assimilation is where power and value conflicts between dominant and subordinate groups disappear. This is known as:

A) identification assimilation
B) attitude-receptional assimilation
C) structural assimilation
D) civic assimilation

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The assimilation process is marked by _________, the spatial and personal separation between groups and the degree of sympathetic understanding between them.

A) behavior-reception
B) social distance
C) cultural fusion
D) integration

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Sociologist Gordon W. Allport made the argument that prejudice may be reduced by equal status contact between majority and minority groups in the pursuit of common goals. One primary prejudice reducing tool is also known as:

A) assimilation
B) intergroup contact
C) spatial distance
D) counter racism

Answer 3

B

Question 4

One of the major explanations for why interracial marriages were very rare prior to 1967 in the U.S. is because of efforts to encourage people to abide by the cultural norms and discourage deviance, or violation, of the norm. This is also known in sociology as:

A) social control
B) civil rights backlash
C) amalgamation
D) intergroup conflict

Question 5

When strangers glare at an interracial couple in a public space they are letting their disapproval be known. Sociologists describe this as:

A) community disapproval
B) public space punishment
C) formal social sanctions
D) informal social sanctions

Question 6

This works to limit interracial relationships, whether through formal or informal sanctions, in order to maintain distinct racial groups.

A) boundary maintenance
B) love limitations
C) rebound racism
D) marriage assimilation

Question 7

Sociologist Ruth Frankenburg identified a phenomenon referred to as this to capture the white partner's hurt and pain associated with witnessing racism directed at someone they love.

A) hyperdiscrimination
B) reverse racism
C) rebound racism
D) internalization

Question 8

Researchers have concluded that there is an implicit censorship in regards to black-white interracial couples in Hollywood films. In this context, implicit censorship means:

A) interracial relationships are based on idealized love and ignore social sanctions
B) an overt operation of power that interracial couples must confront together
C) interracial couples fall outside the realm of being acceptable subjects
D) there are images of gender equality despite racial inequality

Question 9

This term refers to the practice of racially mixed individuals being assigned the status of the subordinate group.

A) biracial discrimination
B) subordination by default rule
C) rule of hypodescent
D) none of the above

Question 10

The multiracial movement sought to gain public recognition of the multiracial community and to allow them to legally self-identify as biracial/multiracial. These efforts gained legitimacy in which ways?

A) In 2000 people were allowed to check more than one racial category on the census
B) In the 2010 Census, 3% of the population reported more than one race
C) The organization impacted the way racial questions are asked on the U.S. Census questionnaire
D) all of the above

Question 11

Native Americans ___________ are raised as white, with little to no knowledge of their Native American history or culture, but later voluntarily reconnect with their Native heritage.

A) reclaimers
B) culture robbers
C) privilege rejecters
D) nothing, they are just people

Question 12

In 1934, NFL owners began enforcing what was known as this, an unwritten agreement between owners to keep black players out of the league, because of complaints from white players over the lack of jobs.

A) sports segregation
B) black sports exclusion agreement
C) gentlemen's agreement
D) multiracial movement

Question 13

When track star Jesse Owens won four gold medals in one Olympics in 1936 and countered Hitler's race theory, this was an example of:

A) whiteness in sports
B) gentlemen's agreement
C) sports segregation
D) resistance to racism in sports

Question 14

This group claims that race is a biological essence and not a social construction.

A) functionalists
B) conflict theorists
C) scientists
D) essentialists

Question 15

When research respondents discussed sports in ways that reinforced black physical superiority and white mental superiority as explanations for athletic success, they used coded language also known as

A) racetalk
B) racial metaphor
C) discriminatory language
D) privileged language

Question 16

Ongoing racism in sports can be found in this practice, which refers to the unequal distribution of whites and blacks in certain sports positions that cannot be explained by random distribution.

A) tracking
B) team selection bias
C) stacking
D) sorting

Question 17

The consequences of concentrating whites in thinking/leadership positions and African Americans in physical positions in sports include:

A) it getting reproduced in future coaching and sports management careers
B) it reinforcing racial ideologies of white intellectual superiority
C) individuals playing intercollegiate physical sports have shorter careers and less lifetime income
D) all of the above

Question 18

Good race/ethnic relations in the military are the result of more than just the increasing interracial contact. Racial integration in the military primarily required:

A) formal measures such as founding the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute (DEOMI)
B) positive attitudes from soldiers
C) early admission of black cadets to U.S. military academies after the Revolutionary War
D) all of the above

Question 19

The integration of the armed forces occurred in two phases. The first, organizational integration, was when:

A) full equality was achieved in the armed forces, including positions of leadership.
B) formal discrimination in recruitment, training, retention, and living arrangements ended.
C) the messy phase of race integration created conflict within the armed forces.
D) all of the above

Question 20

Race relations in the military during the Vietnam War were problematic primarily because of:

A) the absence of blacks in positions of leadership in the military.
B) hostility toward expressions of Black Power activism.
C) white racists in the armed forces exhibited antagonizing behaviors such as cross burnings.
D) all of the above

Question 21

In 1975, the revision of the Army Affirmative Action Plan of 1972 was a key development in army race relations. Due to this revision, for the first time:

A) minority soldiers were allowed to have separate residential quarters.
B) a new approach of colorblindness was enacted in order to prevent discrimination.
C) blacks were allowed to fight alongside whites in all future wars.
D) army commanders were made to feel that the quality of race relations in their units were a reflection of their leadership.

Question 22

Racial integration of military life spills over into surrounding communities creating:

A) towns with military bases that are the most racially integrated communities in the U.S.
B) towns with military bases that have intense hostility between whites and blacks.
C) greater segregation amongst military families in schools on military bases.
D) all of the above.

Question 23

Although the military has been a path to citizenship for many immigrants since 1862, many members have been denied naturalization. Research has found that many non-citizen Asians that served in the US military between 1900 and 1952 were denied on these grounds:

A) The courts used the justification that many immigrants who applied had been spies during WWII
B) The courts were more intent on maintaining a "racialized" concept of citizenship, adhering to the Naturalization Act of 1790, which limited the right to naturalization to "free white persons"
C) most non-citizen Asians did not meet the military naturalization requirements
D) all of the above

Question 24

Mixed race individuals have long been portrayed as deviant, mentally unstable, lacking identity, longing to be white, and lonely, being perceived as rejected by both blacks and whites. A term used in the late 1800s for biracial individuals that is making a comeback today is:

A) mixed
B) one-droppers
C) mulatto
D) biracial individual

Question 25

Mechanisms, such as laws, designed to prohibit certain deviant behaviors by making them illegal and punishing offenders, are also known as:

A) community disapproval
B) public space punishment
C) informal social sanctions
D) formal social sanctions

Question 26

Interracial marriages were illegal in thirteen states until 1967 when antimiscegenation laws, which made interracial marriage and sexual relations illegal, were finally overturned in which Supreme Court case:

A) Gratz v. Bollinger
B) Brown v. Board of Education
C) Loving v. The Commonwealth of Virginia
D) Roe v. Wade

Question 27

Which of the following are examples of whiteness on the University of Mississippi campus?

A) Campus streets are named "Rebel Drive" and "Confederate Drive"
B) The confederate flag flying at sporting events
C) Confederate soldiers are memorialized throughout the campus
D) All of the above are examples of whiteness at Ole Miss

Question 28

Major League Baseball was the first major institution to racially integrate in the U.S., even before the military and public schools.

Question 29

According to Milton Gordon's assimilation model, marriage is the least important stage of assimilation.

Question 30

Interracial marriages have always been legal in the U.S., but rejected by white dominant groups who have typically preferred social distance from subordinate groups in intimate relations.

Question 31

Border patrollers believe that people should stick with their own kind in terms of relationships.

Question 32

In the U.S., people tend to adhere to the norm of endogamy.

Question 33

The Rooney rules caused the number of African American head coaches in the NFL to decrease.

Question 34

The U.S. military is the only arena where equality of opportunity is formalized and its racial integration is unmatched.

Question 35

Research reveals that blacks were disproportionately killed in far greater numbers in the Vietnam War compared to whites.

Question 36

According to Steinbugler, lesbian interracial couples face greater invisibility than gay male interracial couples.

Question 37

Sociologists studying dominant/subordinate group relations are interested in how to lessen intergroup conflict. Describe how assimilation contributes to decreasing racial prejudice in U.S. society.

Question 38

Describe the history of interracial marriage in the U.S. and its current status. What were some of the arguments used by whites to support prohibitions on interracial marriage? Describe boundary maintenance and border patrolling.

Question 39

Describe the unique dilemmas multiracial families face. Describe the social control efforts, both formal and informal, directed at limiting interracial relationships.

Question 40

How are biracial/multiracial individuals viewed and portrayed in U.S. society? Provide an example of how the one-drop rule was enforced. Describe the racial identity development process for biracial/multiracial individuals. Does the increase in people claiming a biracial/multiracial identity help dismantle racial hierarchy?

Question 41

Demonstrate an understanding of the extent of racial integration within the sports world. Provide at least one specific example of racism in sports. Describe both the issues of ongoing racism and resistance to racism in sports.

Question 42

What is racial essentialism? How has sports media played a role in disseminating racial stereotypes?

Question 43

Is the sports world a racialized space? In what way? What is whiteness in sports?

Question 44

Explain the success of racial integration within the military. What efforts toward integration were the most effective and why?

Question 45

Describe the racial turbulence in the military during the Vietnam War. How did the military address this racial unrest?

Question 46

How has race trumped military service when it came to naturalization in the US military? Describe who and why certain racial/ethnic groups have been negatively impacted in this way.