Deck 9: Housing

Question 1

The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) was developed in 1934 for which of the following reasons:

A) rescue homeowners who were about to default
B) end residential segregation
C) encourage homeownership in urban areas
D) all of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The Federal Housing Association (FHA) actually encouraged residential discrimination in which of the following ways?

A) labeling areas of the city that are predominantly black as risky to creditors
B) through the use of restrictive covenants, or language on a deed that obligates the buyer not to sell the home to a specific group
C) encouraging middle class blacks to not buy homes in the same neighborhood.
D) both a and b

Answer 2

D

Question 3

__________ is the process of renovating deteriorating urban neighborhoods by means of an influx of more affluent residents, resulting in fewer low-income housing units.

A) displacement
B) residential bias
C) gentrification
D) house bidding

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Matthew Desmond (2016) argues that a sociology of displacements would help us understand how ________actually help to create poverty.

A) housing evictions
B) social networks
C) wealth
D) food stamps

Question 5

Residential segregation describes urban areas disproportionately composed of people of color while whites primarily reside in suburban and rural communities. This can be explained as:

A) a result of personal preferences between people of color and whites.
B) a result of historic and ongoing policies and practices that have restricted housing options for people of color.
C) natural and harmless based on scientifically proven biological theories.
D) an insignificant feature of American society that deserves little attention.

Question 6

Which term best describes how residential racial segregation is maintained in the U.S.:

A) dejure segregation
B) de facto segregation
C) Jim crow segregation
D) gentrification

Question 7

Towns that are much whiter than the nation as a whole are defined by sociologists as:

A) bread baskets
B) whitopias
C) sundown towns
D) middle class cloisters

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a result of racial segregation:

A) hypersegregation
B) concentration of poverty
C) amplification of crime
D) decrease in homogeneity

Question 9

During the first half of the twentieth century, these towns used violence to run blacks out of town:

A) bread baskets
B) whitopias
C) sundown towns
D) middle class cloisters

Question 10

___________is a practice instituted by the Federal Housing Authority (FHA) to label areas of the city that are predominantly black as risky to creditors, thus ensuring most black families were ineligible for federally insured loans.

A) sundowning
B) racial organizing
C) default prodding
D) redlining

Question 11

The real estate industry contributes to racial residential segregation through which of the following practices:

A) racial steering
B) blockbusting
C) redlining
D) all of the above

Question 12

When realtors play on the fears of whites and the limited housing options of blacks to make more money by encouraging the rapid turnover of a neighborhood from all white to all black it is called _________:

A) racial steering
B) blockbusting
C) redlining
D) all of the above

Question 13

While the majority of people of all races in the U.S. claim they prefer to live in integrated neighborhoods, they also express a preference for:

A) segregation
B) not being outnumbered by other races
C) not being in the majority
D) pluralism

Question 14

A social structural sorting process informs people's decisions regarding housing choices that often excludes some areas of a city from consideration regarding housing. The social structuring process is informed by:

A) life experiences
B) residential histories
C) media exposure
D) all of the above

Question 15

The term ________ originally referred to the Jewish area of sixteenth century Venice, but its use today refers to crowded, urban sections of a city populated by a minority group who are legally, socially, or physically restricted from living outside the designated area:

A) ghetto
B) urban jungle
C) city camps
D) none of the above

Question 16

Public housing in the 1960s started to become occupied by residents who were:

A) poor rather than working class
B) less white
C) both answers are correct
D) neither answer is correct

Question 17

Which sociologist coined the term environmental racism to describe when a policy or practice differentially affects a group based upon its race or color:

A) Robert Bullard
B) Michael Omi and Howard Winant
C) Karl Marx
D) Patricia Hill Collins

Question 18

This movement merges issues and tactics of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement and the environmental movement of the 1970s to challenge polluting industries and their practices, making environmental justice a civil rights issue:

A) libertarian movement
B) environmental justice movement
C) feminist movement
D) grassroots earth movement

Question 19

Natural disasters can create _______ which is a term used to describe people who are forced to leave their community of origin due to environmental destruction such as soil erosion, drought, or floods, which results in the land's inability to support them.

A) climate refugees
B) land hostages
C) climate hoaxers
D) urban flighters

Question 20

The effects of residential segregation can be linked to:

A) job growth for all
B) disparities in education
C) greater access to public parks for all
D) hyposegregation

Question 21

Which of the following could be considered causes of residential segregation:

A) personal preference
B) sundown towns
C) federal policies
D) all of the above

Question 22

In the U.S. in 2017, home ownership rates by race were:

A) primarily the same across race distinctions
B) showed Asian American residents own more homes than all other races
C) showed that home ownership is not common in the U.S.
D) showed that white residents own homes more often than all other races

Question 23

The Great Recession that began in 2008 and resulted in the foreclosure of 7.1 million homes in the U.S. revealed that:

A) people of color were more than three times as likely to have subprime loans as whites, regardless of credit rating
B) whites were more than five times as likely to have subrprime loans as other races, regardless of credit rating
C) subprime loans are the ideal way to prevent another recession
D) all of the above

Question 24

The __________is a tool used to measure racial segregation by looking at the evenness with which two groups are distributed across an area.

A) segregation test
B) dissimilarity index
C) residential radar
D) real estate thermometer

Question 25

According to research on personal preferences in housing, black preferences tend to be:

A) toward less racially integrated neighborhoods
B) toward more racially integrated neighborhoods
C) toward all-black neighborhoods
D) toward all-white neighborhoods

Question 26

When public housing was initially built in the mid-twentieth century, it was mostly for white working class and lower-middle-class families.

Question 27

The location of toxic and polluting industries has not been random.

Question 28

Research finds a link between housing insecurity and job loss; in other words, people who lose their jobs are at a greater risk of losing their homes.

Question 29

Most cities in the United States are facing a low-income housing crisis.

Question 30

From its inception, the FHA (Federal Housing Administration) worked to create race neutral housing policies.

Question 31

Residential segregation is a natural occurrence.

Question 32

South African apartheid, the system of legal segregation, of white minority rule was in place from 1948 to 1994.

Question 33

East St. Louis is an example of hypersegregation.

Question 34

Environmental racism is when an industry policy targets affluent neighborhoods for toxic waste facility locations, but shifts the costs to communities of color.

Question 35

Taking an intersectional approach, analyzing race and class, describe the history of home ownership in the U.S. starting in the first half of the twentieth century. What is the role of the racial wealth gap in home ownership? How did the Great Recession and housing crisis in 2007-2009 impact home ownership?

Question 36

What is racial residential segregation? Explain how federal policies, real estate industry practices, and personal preference impact racial residential segregation.

Question 37

Explain how federal policies created both suburbs and ghettos. Describe the history of public housing and the ways race and class intersect regarding who receives public housing.

Question 38

What is environmental racism? Provide three detailed examples of environmental racism in the U.S.

Question 39

What is the environmental justice movement? When did it begin and why? Explain the self-perpetuating relationship between residential segregation and environmental racism.

Question 40

What is the low-income housing crisis? How do evictions and displacement effect the low-income housing crisis?