Deck 14: American and Global Suburbanization Patterns

Question 1

Suburbs are defined not only by their location, but also by their…

A)urban parks.
B)imagery and symbolic meaning.
C)ecological characteristics.
D)emphasis on the public sphere.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that Lewis Mumford characterizes suburbs?

A)They represented a collective effort to live a private life.
B)Suburbia was a new type of community that was segregated in terms of space and class.
C)Suburbs separated consumption from production.
D)Suburbs represent the strengthening of community.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The residential suburb reached its full development in the United States

A)between the two world wars.
B)during World War I.
C)after World War II.
D)at the turn of the twenty-first century.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The pastoral and rural ideal was incorporated into American cities in the nineteenth century through the construction of…

A)prisons located in green park areas.
B)garden-cemeteries and extensive park systems.
C)working farms in cities.
D)planned suburban villages.

Question 5

Frederick Law Olmsted's vision led to all but ONE of the following.

A)the development of elaborate urban parks
B)the City Beautiful movement
C)the development of late-nineteenth century suburbs
D)the development of factory housing for immigrants

Question 6

The key figure in the development of elaborate park systems, the City Beautiful movement, and the development of the late-nineteenth century suburb was…

A)Lewis Mumford.
B)Morton White.
C)Robert Fishman.
D)Frederick Law Olmstead.
E)Kenneth T.Jackson.

Question 7

Advocates of the public-parks movement saw them as…

A)antidotes to moral anarchy, corruption, and vice in urban life.
B)important even though they would clearly intensify class antagonisms.
C)depressing land values on areas adjacent to the parks.
D)replacing small-town values with the cosmopolitan values of the big city.

Question 8

For Olmsted, parks were integral parts of the city.He felt that urban parks would…

A)bring a sense of community and a sense of rural beauty to cities.
B)intensify class antagonisms, but should be built anyway.
C)forestall the development of suburbs.
D)encourage more immigrants to come to American cities.

Question 9

Historian Robert Fishman suggests that the development of suburbs in the nineteenth century was largely due to the emergence of a new ideology based on…

A)widespread fear of crime in the cities.
B)a reverence for death also seen in the building of garden cemeteries.
C)the primacy of the family and domestic life.
D)the importance of integrating ethnic groups.

Question 10

For families, the development of new nineteenth-century suburbs meant increasing gender role segregation; for the larger metropolitan area it meant…

A)the spatial segregation of classes and ethnic groups.
B)increasing spatial integration of the core and suburban peripheral areas.
C)the spatial integration of classes and ethnic groups.
D)greater awareness of the importance of reversing the effects of urban crime.

Question 11

Jackson argues that while the suburban ideal and population growth were necessary preconditions for residential deconcentration, its two fundamental causes were…

A)the spatial segregation of ethnic groups and increasing urban crime.
B)racial prejudice and cheap housing.
C)the myth of the nuclear family and the myth of residential segregation.
D)increasing crime and decreasing racial prejudice.

Question 12

Arguing that race has influenced the politics of exclusion practiced in many American suburbs, Bruce Katz suggests that urban sprawl can be seen as the inevitable result of…

A)hyperurbanization and decreasing social capital.
B)increasing high levels of urban crime in the United States.
C)the increase of public space and a decrease in privatization.
D)racial segregation and social exclusion.

Question 13

American urban policy led to the dispersal and division of people in metropolitan areas, resulting in a segregated society and…

A)hyperurbanization in American cities similar to that in less developed societies.
B)increasing levels of urban crime during the 1990s.
C)diminishing the number of places for people of different classes and racial groups to encounter each other.
D)a reversal of suburbanization because people realized that this was leading to increasing fragmentation of groups in American society.

Question 14

Because of their effects on the Black community, federal urban redevelopment and renewal policies were sometimes called…

A)pro-heterogeneity policies.
B)"diminishing diversity developments."
C)suburban renewal.
D)"Negro removal."

Question 15

Frug's approach to "community building" aims to encourage people of diverse class, racial, and ethnic backgrounds to…

A)live together in a spirit of negotiation and tolerance.
B)live together in spirit of real togetherness.
C)move into gated communities while still remaining open to diversity.
D)recognize the reality that however romantic the sense of togetherness associated with the term 'community,' at this point in American history it is necessary for groups to concentrate on homogeneity before they can build heterogeneity.

Question 16

Sociologist Nancy Kleniewski sees the development of enclosed enclaves as the result of the suburbanization of everything which has also led to…

A)hyperurbanization and decreasing social capital.
B)the decline of public space and an increase in privatization.
C)the increase of public space and a decrease in privatization.
D)some changes, but no discernible patterns as yet.

Question 17

According to Duany, Plater- Zyberg, and Speck, the continued emphasis on the private versus the public realm in the United States is clearly seen in the development of two forms of housing, the ________ and the ________.

A)silicon landscape; security zone
B)McMansion; gated community
C)prestige community; power community
D)heterogeneous home; homogeneous home

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the broad categories of "gated communities," suggested by Blakely and Snyder?

A)silicon landscapes
B)lifestyle communities
C)prestige communities
D)security zones

Question 19

An underlying theme in Blakely and Snyder's analysis of gated communities is that people want control over their homes, streets, and neighborhoods, and assume that by building walls…

A)they send a message to the members of their communities that they will be caught if they commit crimes.
B)they draw a much more diverse group of people to their communities.
C)crime can be excluded and safety can be maintained.
D)they suggest that their communities are open to diverse groups of people.

Question 20

Among the largest of the social and community costs of gated communities is that they…

A)exacerbate segregation by race, immigration status, and class.
B)represent a reversal of historical patterns of zoning which aimed at integration.
C)reduce crime and thus lead to increasing unemployment of police officers.
D)add to the cost of new urbanist projects.

Question 21

Mike Davis argues that a/an ________ led to the increasing criminalization of the behavior of the poor and the retreat of the affluent into gated communities.

A)enhanced moral order in the suburbs
B)reduction in crime during the 1990s
C)increase of McMansions
D)ecology of fear

Question 22

The increasing segregation of space in American suburbs and cities and the development of a more spatially segregated society based on wealth and class seems to indicate…

A)an increase in civic virtue.
B)the secession of the powerful.
C)a growing moral order.
D)a decline of concerns with security.

Question 23

Which of the following terms does NOT fit with the others?

A)technoburb
B)residential suburb
C)edge city
D)exopolis

Question 24

Fishman coined the term technoburb to refer to a peripheral area outside of a city that is a viable economic unit not dependent on the city.Why did he call them technoburbs?

A)Because these areas grew up around major computer industries and tend to focus on computers.
B)Because they were still closely tied to central cities even though they thought that they were not.
C)Because developments in communications technology made them possible.
D)Because he was influenced by Baumgartner's views and wanted to come up with a term that would reflect her analysis.

Question 25

Joel Garreau coined the term edge city to refer to a suburban area that includes corporate headquarters, industrial parks, shopping malls, and private homes that are surrounded by parking lots and close to highways.The development of edge cities reflects the…

A)increasing movement of people around the world from rural to urban areas.
B)reversal of the processes that led to the creation of technoburbs.
C)desire of more affluent people to move back into cities and thus gentrify them.
D)shift from a manufacturing economy to a post-industrial, information- and service-oriented economy.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of edge cities identified by Joel Garreau?

A)technoburbs
B)greenfields
C)boomers
D)uptowns

Question 27

A new urban form with 100,000+ people, no central business district, that is not the largest metropolitan area in its region, and has subdivisions governed by homeowners' associations is a…

A)technoburb.
B)boomburg.
C)gated community.
D)exurb.

Question 28

The "new urbanism" is a development in urban planning that seeks to…

A)extend boomburgs so that they spread into more and more metropolitan areas.
B)get people to reverse migrate from suburbs back to central cities.
C)build new towns that capture and preserve positive features of historic small towns.
D)promote a form of urban renewal based on a concern for social justice and equity.

Question 29

New urbanists argue that…

A)decreasing reliance on automobiles and commuting will hurt American unity.
B)public space is disappearing as space is increasingly privatized.
C)urban villages, such as those described by Gans, are essential for the further development of the American urban economy.
D)more gated communities should be built to hasten the privatization of public space.

Question 30

The physical layout of new urban communities is intended to…

A)provide defensible space and reduce fear of crime.
B)encourage people to move to the technoburbs.
C)enhance the symbolic meaning of urban villages.
D)heighten social interaction and civic action.

Question 31

Peter Calthorpe designed Laguna West, a planned new urban community, as an example of…

A)an exurban village.
B)transit-oriented development.
C)new suburbanism.
D)reverse White flight.

Question 32

New urbanism emphasizes racial diversity as a positive social goal.Most new urban communities…

A)do exhibit considerable racial diversity.
B)lack racial diversity, even though it is an important goal.
C)include much affordable housing.
D)are designed for automobile transportation.

Question 33

Historical research reveals that houses were built with front porches…

A)because the lack of space in the house led to people needing extra room.
B)because new urbanist ideas suggested it.
C)to enhance privacy and discourage public encounters.
D)to foster community involvement as an inherent quality of life.

Question 34

Putnam suggests that the decline of civil society and the increase of social isolation in America are due to fundamental changes in how people relate to one another and to their decreasing social involvement with neighbors.He sums these trends up with the title of his book,…

A)Experiencing Cities.
B)All Our Kin.
C)Bowling Alone.
D)The Rise and Fall of Front Porches.

Question 35

A major feature of the population explosion in third world cities is the growth of…

A)peripheral settlements called squatter settlements.
B)informational settlements even amidst poverty.
C)the increasing number of global cities in less-developed countries.
D)huge slum areas at the center of those cities.

Question 36

Squatter settlements are sometimes called autonomous settlements because…

A)of political correctness.
B)they are located in primate cities.
C)local governments police them very closely so calling them autonomous is ironic.
D)governments often ignore them and let the people living in them police themselves.

Question 37

Although squatter settlements are usually characterized by poverty and public health crises, they differ in terms of their conditions.In fact, there is a correlation between the conditions of a settlement and…

A)the population size of the country.
B)whether or not the settlement is autonomous.
C)the wealth and income levels of the country's population.
D)the population size of the settlement itself.

Question 38

The social disorganization approach to squatter settlements stems from the ideal typical approach emphasizing group solidarity in rural life and social and personal disorganization in urban life.Hutter suggests that a third approach might recognize…

A)that life in squatter settlements is chaotic and miserable and nothing can really be done about it.
B)the strength of individuals and families in squatter settlements while taking into account the poverty and desperation of daily life.
C)that every squatter settlement is unique and different and that no overall conclusions can be drawn about them.
D)that the key variable in understanding such settlements is their use of information technology.

Question 39

Nancy Scheper-Hughes studied a Brazilian shantytown.Out of this research she developed the concept of mortal neglect, which refers to…

A)the neglect by the city and federal governments of those dwelling in this community.
B)mothers' withholding of emotional commitments, nourishment, and maternal care from babies deemed unlikely to survive.
C)the high crime rate in which leads to the death of many infants and children.
D)mothers and fathers ignoring all of their children.

Question 40

Geographer David Clark argues that squatter settlements can fill some important and positive roles.Which of the following is NOT one of those positive roles?

A)They can emerge as vibrant communities with strong forms of social organizations.
B)They can provide an important transition for many rural to urban migrants, serving as the initial site for assimilation and acculturation.
C)They provide a source of cheap and accessible labor for urban industries.
D)They provide highly skilled technical labor for new information industries.

Question 41

Hutter defines the suburb both in terms of spatial location and symbolic meaning.

Question 42

Garden-cemeteries fostered an urban appreciation for pastoral and picturesque landscapes, but had little influence on the future development of American urban and suburban planning.

Question 43

The lessening of racial prejudice in the United States was a key factor encouraging the development of suburbs.

Question 44

During the post-World War II period, the federal government was reluctant to support urban-centered rail and mass public transportation systems.

Question 45

Some urban scholars may criticize gated communities, but they clearly do provide heightened security.

Question 46

Race is an underlying motivation for the rapid growth of boomburgs.

Question 47

The neotraditionalists who developed the "new urbanism" see the high-density urban villages described by Gans as their ideal.

Question 48

A basic tenet of new urbanism is the call for affordable housing in an open, pedestrian-oriented neighborhood in which public space is an integral component of public life.

Question 49

Vernacular architecture is the architecture of everyday life.

Question 50

In recent years, group togetherness has replaced social isolationism as more people realize the importance of ties to other people.

Question 51

Squatter settlements may also be referred to as autonomous settlements.

Question 52

Nancy Scheper-Hughes's concept of mortal neglect suggests that the neglected infants would thrive and live if only their mothers would take better care of them.

Question 53

Although he was writing before the post-World War II period of suburban development, Mumford did identify four key features of suburbia.What were they?

Question 54

Robert Fishman argues that the nineteenth-century growth of suburbs, the "bourgeois utopias," represented a transformation in urban values.What was that transformation?

Question 55

Kenneth Jackson examined the development of domestic, private, isolated suburban households in the nineteenth century, and identified seven key factors in the growth of such suburbs.What were the key factors in the growth of such suburbs?

Question 56

Hutter stresses that the development of the suburban ideal, in itself, did not fully explain the massive suburbanization in the United States.Economic factors were also crucial, with a number of groups standing to gain both economically and politically from suburban development.Which groups benefited?

Question 57

In seeking a balance between homogeneity and heterogeneity, Gans puts forward what Hutter calls an "interesting, albeit debatable," view.What is Gans' view?

Question 58

Blakely and Snyder developed a typology of gated communities.What are the three types they identify?

Question 59

What is urban critic Mike Davis's view of the rise of gated communities?

Question 60

What were the developments that led to the proliferation of terms such as post-suburbs, exopolis, technoburbs, and edge cities?

Question 61

Define edge cities and briefly explain one of the three types of edge cities that Garreau identified.

Question 62

What is a squatter settlement?

Question 63

There are two dominant conceptualizations of life in squatter settlements.What are they?

Question 64

Explain the emergence of suburbs in the United States during the nineteenth century and their continuing development during the twentieth century.Be sure to address the underlying preconditions, causes, and effects of suburban development.

Question 65

Explain the connections among race, suburbs, and the city.How did race and discrimination affect suburbanization and how is the concern with race reflected in continuing developments in suburbanization?

Question 66

Explain "new urbanism," being sure to explain its strengths and weaknesses.Discuss examples of some new urban communities.

Question 67

Millions of the world's urban poor live in squatter settlements, also called autonomous settlements.Explain the rise of these settlements and discuss life within them, drawing on the two dominant conceptualizations of them.