Deck 13: The Consumer City: Shopping and Sports

Question 1

Hutter uses two orienting perspectives to analyze the roles of shopping and spectator sports.The first focuses on ________ definitions of community, while the second emphasizes ________ factors that have transformed neighborhood and downtown institutions.

A)urban ecology; urban political economy
B)urbanization; immigration
C)social-psychological; macrolevel
D)social integration; social democratic

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Hutter focuses on the role of shopping as an urban activity and examines shopping within the context of…

A)the mosaic of small social worlds.
B)gender role relationships.
C)race and ethnicity.
D)the development of "big box" stores like Wal-Mart.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Analysis of the importance of downtown stores would focus attention on which understudied social group in the city?

A)African Americans
B)women
C)immigrants
D)rural migrants to the city

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Some scholars argue that the exclusion of women from the urban public world was due to the privatization of family life, women's increasing isolation in the family, and men's increasing dominance in the public sphere, all of which were results of…

A)nineteenth-century industrialization.
B)the development of downtown business districts.
C)the increasing prevalence of a mosaic of social worlds in cities.
D)the increasing social disorganization of urban life in the early 20th century.

Question 5

One of the few respectable and available occupations for women in early twentieth-century cities was…

A)working on the newly developing urban transportation systems.
B)waitressing in the growing sector of restaurants.
C)working as public school crossing guards.
D)working in department stores.

Question 6

In spite of the nineteenth-century privatization of the lives of middle- and upper-class women and their increasing relegation to the home, department stores provided access to downtown for those women as…

A)workplaces.
B)sites for consumption.
C)private spaces.
D)saleswomen.

Question 7

Women who frequented downtown department stores tended to develop a/an ________ identification, while shopping in neighborhood stores led to a/an ________ identification.

A)urban; suburban
B)consumption; workplace
C)urban; neighborhood
D)palace of consumption; community center

Question 8

Which is NOT an important reason that people frequented local stores in cities?

A)to purchase goods
B)to keep neighborhoods safe by helping local businesses flourish
C)for social interaction with neighbors and friends
D)to get out of their houses

Question 9

Because of its personal nature, interaction among women in local stores has been seen as…

A)primary group interactions.
B)quasi-primary interactions.
C)secondary group interactions.
D)impersonal interactions.

Question 10

Stone identified the women he characterized as ________ shoppers as those who defined shopping as interpersonal and emphasized the importance of close relationships between customers and sales people.

A)personalizing
B)economic
C)ethical
D)apathetic

Question 11

Neighborhood stores would be among the variety of public places that, according to Oldenburg, host the regular, voluntary, informal, and happily anticipated gatherings of people outside of home and work.He called these public places…

A)"castles of consumption."
B)centers for congeniality.
C)"third" places.
D)community centers.

Question 12

Hutter suggests that the popularity of malls is largely due to the fact that…

A)there are few or no other places for suburbanites to go.
B)the best shopping is now located in suburban malls.
C)suburbanites often do not have transportation into cities to shop in cities.
D)malls have proven to be good substitutes for the community identification processes formerly provided by neighborhood stores.

Question 13

Although many people think of malls as part of the ________, from a legal standpoint they are ________

A)downtown; suburban.
B)private realm; third places.
C)public realm; private spaces.
D)neighborhoods; downtown stores.

Question 14

A major reason for the demise of downtown shopping areas in the twentieth century was…

A)a general deterioration of urban stores.
B)public perception that these areas were not safe.
C)an influx of immigrants who do not shop in downtown areas.
D)the lack of easy parking in downtown shopping areas.

Question 15

The loss of economic vitality of downtowns has been attributed to the development of suburban strip malls, enclosed megamalls, and giant stores such as Wal-Mart, which are sometimes referred to as…

A)urban renewal generators.
B)suburban superstores.
C)fourth places.
D)category busters.

Question 16

In addition to destroying housing in so-called slum areas, urban renewal also destroyed…

A)the economic foundation of cities.
B)police forces in slums.
C)urban government.
D)stores in these areas.

Question 17

Jane Jacobs identified two models of urban planning.One model focused on the importance of order, rationality, uniformity, and the necessity for urban renewal, and was used by ________; the other model, which focused on the neighborhood itself, which was often ugly, messy, and complex, was used by ________.

A)neighborhood advocates; professional urban planners
B)professional urban planners; neighborhood advocates
C)city officials; police
D)slumlords; slum renewers

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the four positive trends contributing to the revitalization of inner cities in the last 15 years?

A)the rebirth of urban shopping markets
B)a decrease in crime
C)the move of middle-class Whites back to cities from suburbia
D)the unshackling of inner-city life from giant bureaucracies
E)community development

Question 19

Zukin argues that a major factor contributing to the revitalization of inner cities in recent decades is…

A)the establishment of economic substructure by large-scale business chains such as Wal-Mart, McDonald's, and The Gap.
B)the improvement of inner-city schools under the No Child Left Behind Act.
C)the establishment of small businesses by immigrant entrepreneurs.
D)increasing numbers of federal grants to encourage suburban businesses to relocate to inner cities.

Question 20

Zukin and Cohen's analyses of the broad pattern in which shopping and consumerism become linchpins of an urban redevelopment scheme anchored in the transformation of public spaces into commercialized consumption spaces leads them to see the United States as increasingly…

A)suburban.
B)a consumer's republic.
C)an immigrant entrepreneurial paradise.
D)an infrastructure nation.

Question 21

As described in Money Has No Smell, the street vendors in New York City who sell masks, statues, clothing, and jewelry in order to make money to send home and who live relatively apart from the American culture, are from…

A)the Caribbean.
B)Brazil.
C)West Africa.
D)China.

Question 22

Stoller studies African street vendors who sell Afrocentric goods through…

A)their connections to the broader African American community.
B)their connections to street vendors from a variety of communities and countries.
C)the tight ties they have to American society and culture.
D)long-distance trade networks.

Question 23

Throughout much of the early twentieth century, the U Street corridor was the _________ area for the segregated Black population of Washington, D.C.

A)high crime
B)poorest area
C)sports center
D)affluent

Question 24

After the riots following the assassination of Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr.,…

A)the movement of residents and businesses out of the U Street corridor accelerated.
B)people started moving back into the U Street corridor in large numbers.
C)the efforts of police and city government led to major drops in crime in the U Street corridor.
D)drug dealing moved out of the U Street corridor.

Question 25

While Washington, D.C.is becoming increasingly affluent, poverty has _____.

A)remained the same
B)gotten worse
C)been eliminated
D)none of the above

Question 26

Hutter focuses on baseball as a shared social world and as a(n)…

A)originally rural game.
B)source of urban imagery and identification.
C)game that never really caught on in cities because of its slow pace.
D)source of conflict in cities.

Question 27

In analyzing baseball as an urban game, Hutter relies most heavily on the perspective of…

A)urban ecology.
B)symbolic interaction.
C)urban political economy.
D)urban economics.

Question 28

In treating "baseball as urban drama," Hutter integrates two types of historical analysis: social history with an emphasis on ________ and cultural history with an emphasis on ________.

A)the supply side of baseball; the demand side of baseball.
B)urban ecology; symbolic interactionism
C)the structure and institutions of baseball; the emotional component of baseball.
D)the rural origins of baseball; baseball's eventual transformation into a city game.

Question 29

The rise of professional baseball coincided with the…

A)industrialization and urbanization of the United States.
B)rise of other professional sports.
C)rise of urban political economy as a way to understand cities.
D)beginning of heavy immigration from Latin America and Asia, and thus to the incorporation of many foreign players into the game.

Question 30

Some scholars suggest that the rise of professional baseball was part of the…

A)efforts to heal the country after the Civil War.
B)rise of professional sports in the late nineteenth century.
C)development of the Chicago School of sociology.
D)emergence of spectatorship as a recreational component of the new urban way of life that emerged in the 1860s.

Question 31

The view that spectator sports emerged in cities in the second half of the nineteenth century because enough people in cities had enough money to attend games regularly and thus support organized sports on a permanent basis would accord most closely with…

A)Wirth's determinist theory of urbanism as a way of life.
B)Gans' compositionalist theory.
C)Fischer's subcultural theory.
D)Blumer's symbolic interactionist theory.

Question 32

In the late nineteenth century, boosterism and intercity baseball rivalries were connected in that they served to…

A)stimulate and exaggerate feelings of civic pride.
B)heighten urban solidarity by involving the general population in the games.
C)increase the proliferation of teams with city names which heightened identification with teams and competition among cities.
D)all of the above.

Question 33

In the late nineteenth century, newspaper coverage increasingly linked the achievements of a city's baseball team to the…

A)overall image of the city.
B)likelihood of the city getting a railroad line through it.
C)increasing likelihood of city residents needing to spectate less and participate in sports more.
D)all of the above.

Question 34

Hutter notes that baseball's success as a symbolic community representation was hindered by…

A)the overwhelmingly middle-class nature of the spectators and its snobbish image.
B)its perceived lower-class popularity.
C)the lack of photographs of baseball games which hindered awareness of the games.
D)the image of sedate, overly well-behaved fans.

Question 35

Nineteenth-century baseball spectators were often noted for their…

A)middle class composition.
B)sense of sportsmanship and fair play.
C)exemplary behavior even when their team was losing.
D)rowdyism, gambling, and drinking.

Question 36

Baseball teams started to encourage women to attend games in the late nineteenth century to…

A)enhance the respectability of the games.
B)give them an opportunity to gamble on the games.
C)help them to develop an appreciation for the game to pass on to their children.
D)increase spectatorship, which was so low that many teams were in danger of going out of business.

Question 37

In order to make baseball more attractive to the middle class, baseball owners…

A)cut ticket prices dramatically in the early-twentieth century.
B)banned drinking in ball parks.
C)built new stadium sections that were designed for better off spectators and segregated them from cheaper seats.
D)decided to stop trying the manipulate the game's image.

Question 38

From the 1870s on, new baseball stadiums were located near…

A)gambling locations in cities.
B)transportation facilities such as street cars.
C)bars, in an effort to encourage attendance at the games.
D)churches and cathedrals.

Question 39

Sportswriters helped to enhance the image of baseball by deemphasizing…

A)how boring many of the early games were.
B)the presence of the middle classes and women at the games.
C)the rowdyism and roughhousing on the field and the gambling, drinking, and fighting in the stands.
D)the importance of baseball teams to their city's image.

Question 40

Baseball terminology, or jargon, became ________ for many fans who lived in different social worlds and were unified by the jargon.

A)significant symbols
B)of little symbolic importance
C)irrelevant
D)sociological concepts

Question 41

One of the three components of the baseball creed was the myth that baseball…

A)had an urban origin.
B)had encouraged large-scale immigration
C)was basically about economic enterprise.
D)was a locus of social integration.

Question 42

Professional baseball has always emphasized a largely mythical "baseball creed" in its effort to define itself as the "national pastime." The baseball creed does NOT include the myth…

A)that the game had a rural origin.
B)that baseball was a locus for social integration.
C)that baseball originated in immigrant communities.
D)of social democracy.

Question 43

The function of the myth of baseball's rural origins and its linkage to rural and small-town America was to emphasize the…

A)superiority of such rural areas over the urban environment.
B)need to build new ball parks in rural areas outside of cities.
C)role of social democracy and social integration in baseball.
D)lack of social integration in baseball.

Question 44

Baseball's myth of social integration suggested that baseball, and other sports and recreational activities, develop…

A)health and character.
B)civic pride.
C)a crime-free environment.
D)It accomplished all three of the above.

Question 45

Some scholars see baseball's myth of social integration as fitting into the ________ thesis.

A)antiurban
B)civic pride
C)social control
D)public drama

Question 46

Baseball as urban drama is often seen, by newspapers and some scholars, as…

A)having increased social fragmentation of American cities early in the twentieth century.
B)having contributed to the Americanization process by joining together the individual and the community.
C)having emphasized that the working class and lower classes were excluded from participating in or viewing the games.
D)an elite activity that appealed only to the wealthier members of society.

Question 47

Although he shares Kucklick's view on the importance of sites such as baseball stadiums as foci for community identification, Hutter emphasizes that…

A)without the three myths baseball stadiums and baseball as a whole could never be a locus for community identification.
B)collective memory creating symbols for community identification can also be linked to other types of stadiums as long as it is a specific place.
C)the real importance of the symbolic links of baseball to communities lies in the role that baseball played in the Americanization process of immigrants.
D)urban identification need not be rooted in space but can be rooted in shared symbolizations and shared networks of communication.

Question 48

Were a city to lose both its baseball team and the stadium in which the team played, we might expect this to have a truly _________ effect on community identification.

A)ambiguous
B)devastating
C)exhilarating
D)positive

Question 49

Regardless of the ethnic/racial composition of professional basketball teams, that composition essentially reflects the _________.

A)skills of mostly city players.
B)efforts of newspapers to portray basketball as a rural sport.
C)national distribution of ethnic/racial groups.
D)prevalence of professional basketball on television.

Question 50

The young men that May wrote about make choices about their lives based on the view that _________ rather than from the perspective that _________.

A)sports impede mobility; sports enhance mobility
B)sports enhance mobility; sports impede mobility
C)they need to focus on their education; they need to emphasize sports
D)basketball is a city game; basketball is a rural game

Question 51

The urban popularity of basketball rests mostly on…

A)identification with professional teams.
B)how well a city's professional team is doing.
C)the playing experiences of the game by participants and their aspirations.
D)the nature of the arena in which the city's professional team plays.

Question 52

One of the perspectives that Hutter uses to understand shopping focuses on macrolevel factors.

Question 53

The downtown department store was seen as a threatening place for women in the city.

Question 54

Malls appear to be public places, but legally they are private places.

Question 55

Shopping in neighborhood stores seemed to foster a sense of identification with the neighborhood.

Question 56

Shopping malls are usually found only in suburbia and not in cities.

Question 57

Just as urban renewal destroyed housing in "slum" communities, it also destroyed the stores in those communities.

Question 58

Herbert Gans and Jane Jacobs were two scholars who downplayed the importance of neighborhood stores.

Question 59

In the last 15 years, there has been a resurgence of inner-city neighborhoods in many American cities.

Question 60

New immigrants have played a central in the recent revitalization of urban neighborhoods.

Question 61

The title of Stoller's book, Money Has No Smell, refers to the ability of West African street vendors to separate their business activities from their religious beliefs.

Question 62

Baseball originated in the city, not in the country.

Question 63

In the late-nineteenth century, baseball became one of the symbols that reflected and enhanced the self-image of cities with winning teams.

Question 64

Because late-nineteenth-century baseball drew primarily a sedate, middle-class crowd, it failed initially to appeal to the working class and spectators.

Question 65

Although the three components of the "baseball creed" are sometimes referred to as myths, Hutter suggests that they are essentially true.

Question 66

Hutter draws on two orienting perspectives for understanding the role of shopping for cities.Briefly explain the two perspectives.

Question 67

With the increasing privatization of the family in the nineteenth century, department stores provided access for women to downtown city life in two ways.What were the two ways?

Question 68

What amenities for women did downtown department stores provide?

Question 69

How do downtown stores and neighborhood stores differ in the types of community identification that each fosters?

Question 70

Malls and giant "category buster" stores contribute to the economic decline of downtowns and their stores.What are some of the ways in which this happens?

Question 71

Jane Jacobs talked about two models of urban planning.Briefly explain them.

Question 72

Grogan and Proscio argue that four converging positive trends contributed to the resurgence of inner-city neighborhood over the last 15 years.Name three of them.

Question 73

In examining the significance of shopping in shaping urban America, and specifically to shopping in New York City neighborhoods, whom does Sharon Zukin focus on as playing an important role?

Question 74

Paul Stoller studied West African street vendors in New York City.Explain the title of his book Money Has No Smell.

Question 75

What does Hutter highlight as the central aspects of the gentrification of the U street corridor in Washington, D.C.?

Question 76

Define the three component myths of the "baseball creed."

Question 77

What is the "social control" thesis in relation to sports spectatorship and recreational activities?

Question 78

Although Kucklick and Hutter agree on the symbolic importance of baseball for community identification and on the site as a locus for that identification, they disagree in one way.What is it?

Question 79

Hutter draws on two orienting perspectives for understanding the role of shopping for cities.Explain these perspectives and draw on material from his chapter, as well as any other sources, to illustrate how the two perspectives help us to understand shopping as community activity.

Question 80

Discuss the strategies for Main Street redevelopment represented by the four South Jersey communities that Hutter discusses.How do the strategies differ from each other and what major problems confront each community in terms of its chosen strategy?