Deck 12: Families, Gender, and Singles in the City

Question 1

The emergence of the industrial city led to four forms of spatial segregation.Which of the following is NOT one of those forms of spatial segregation?

A)separation of work and home
B)segregation of neighborhoods by class, race, and ethnicity
C)segregation of preindustrial from industrial families in the city
D)segregation of people by gender and gender-based activities

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to many sociologists, the fundamental characteristic of modern life has been the creation of an area of social activity called…

A)public life or the public sphere.
B)private life or the private sphere.
C)gender space.
D)the urban work sphere.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Ariès theorizes that contemporary ideas of family and the nature of children…

A)have existed since the beginning of recorded time.
B)are recent phenomena.
C)have changed little since humans first lived in families.
D)are false images.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Ariès suggests that the lack of ________ contributed to the overwhelming community sociability of preindustrial communities and hindered the formation of the family concept.

A)family members
B)public activities
C)privacy
D)social exclusion

Question 5

Edward Shorter extends Ariès' analysis, arguing that preindustrial, western European families were closely integrated into the community by their ties to the wider community and by…

A)their ties to the church.
B)their ties to the intricate web of extended kin.
C)the social exclusion of women from the public realm.
D)the lack of a public sphere.

Question 6

According to Shorter, the history of the family can be seen in the…

A)increasing involvement over time of families with the larger community.
B)increasing importance of ties to extended kin over time.
C)increasing involvement only with one's nuclear family over time.
D)shift in the relationship between the nuclear family and the surrounding community.

Question 7

The Chicago School saw the consequences of urban life for family and kinship in terms of…

A)increasing opportunities for women.
B)strengthening the family.
C)family disorganization.
D)an increase in family resources to deal with the challenges of the city.

Question 8

For Parsons, the most distinctive feature of the modern American kinship system is the…

A)isolation of the nuclear family.
B)declining social significance of the family.
C)increasing level of family disorganization.
D)increasing extent of ties to extended kin.

Question 9

Parsons believed that as industrialization, urbanization, and differentiation transform American society, the family would…

A)wither and die out as it loses its functions.
B)be increasingly important for economic and work functions.
C)become more specialized, especially in providing socialization for children and emotional support and affection for its members.
D)revert to an extended family structure.

Question 10

Hutter suggests that the rise of the American suburb can be seen in part as a reaction to the…

A)perceived deterioration of family life in the city.
B)increasing importance of family life in the city.
C)increasing importance of extended kin in urban settings.
D)increasing number of female-headed households.

Question 11

Which of the following is not one of the cardinal virtues that made up the "cult of true womanhood"?

A)piety
B)submissiveness
C)domesticity
D)purity
E)assertiveness

Question 12

In the nineteenth century, the "cult of domesticity" was linked to an ideology that…

A)suggested that the ideal setting for the family and home were in the burgeoning central cities.
B)glorified the sanctity of the home.
C)emphasized the importance of women not just remaining in the home, but going out into the wider world to work.
D)suggested that men should exhibit the four virtues of piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity.

Question 13

Stack and other scholars argue that the domestic networks that African American families developed to adapt to situations of limited, intermittent resources,…

A)must in the long term lead to pathology and social disorganization.
B)eventually become transformed into nuclear families.
C)enabled those families to deal with chronic poverty and governmental programs that reinforce welfare dependency and unemployment.
D)have the side effect of strongly encouraging women to get married.

Question 14

Florida's notion of a "creative class" refers to people who are attracted to…

A)sites of the city such as museums, sports arenas, malls, art galleries.
B)living in areas of the city where they can establish meaningful relationships with other "creative" people like themselves.
C)living in relative anonymity in the cultural areas of the city.
D)art galleries, museums, and other cultural activities in the city while maintaining residence outside the city in suburbs.

Question 15

According to urbanist John Rennie Short, the term manmade city refers to…

A)twentieth-century cities planned and designed by urban planners as experimental cities.
B)twentieth-century cities built on sites of preindustrial Native American settlements.
C)early industrial cities that relied on male labor for economic growth.
D)the social design, usage, and construction of urban space that reinforces existing gender bias in society.

Question 16

In the Victorian era, many believed that women should be confined to the home and excluded from work outside of the home.According to Ann Oakley's research, which of the following was NOT one of the reasons for these beliefs?

A)moral grounds
B)damage to physical health
C)neglect of home and family
D)damage to men's mental health
E)contravention of the "natural" division of labor between men and women

Question 17

According to social historian Elizabeth Wilson, men design cities to control disorder and to control the "place" of women, so men define the public sphere as their own territory and thus…

A)women must be protected and deferred to when they enter that realm.
B)women are "fair game" when they enter that sphere.
C)poor women, especially, must be protected in the public realm.
D)women who enter the public realm are highly respected as independent and autonomous.

Question 18

Although cities have the potential for being sites for freedom and autonomy for women, they are often sites of…

A)danger.
B)deference.
C)work.
D)gender.

Question 19

The ideology of domestic confinement…

A)encouraged women to venture into urban spaces.
B)only applied to poor women.
C)contributed to the lowly position of women during the Victorian era.
D)was never applied to the United States.

Question 20

A central tenet of the ideology of domestic confinement was belief in women's natural…

A)sexuality.
B)domesticity.
C)power.
D)fear.

Question 21

One effect of the ideology of domestic confinement was…

A)increased violence against immigrants in public areas of nineteenth-century cities.
B)increased economic opportunities for women in the labor force.
C)increased dependence of women on their husbands.
D)lessened dependence of women on their husbands.

Question 22

An irony of the protective labor legislation of the nineteenth century, which limited the exposure of women and children to some harsh practices in the labor force, was that it…

A)made women and children increasingly subordinate to their fathers and husbands.
B)increased harsh labor practices toward women and children.
C)protected men as well as women and children from harsh practices.
D)excluded African American citizens from protection.

Question 23

Patterns of deferential behavior toward women in public spaces are based on…

A)the imputation of women's helplessness and frailty.
B)recognition of women's strength.
C)the ecological perspective.
D)protective labor legislation which mandated such deferential behavior.

Question 24

Etiquette guidelines controlled interaction by dictating norms of silence and decorum between the sexes in the public sphere.Hutter argues that this…

A)effectively banished women from public life.
B)generated immense problems when men and women interacted in public.
C)had a liberating effect on women by minimizing their risks in the public sphere.
D)induced fear in men and women about interacting in public.

Question 25

Which of the following, according to Lofland and others, is a problematic aspect of the focus on gender harassment in public places?

A)It understates the extent of public harassment of women in cities.
B)It perpetuates the view of the city as a dangerous place for women and further controls women's behavior in cities.
C)Despite dangers to women, police refuse to enforce laws to protect women.
D)It attracts to the city men who want to take advantage of women

Question 26

When Gardner describes the "highly gendered nature of public place," she means that…

A)all places provide areas for males and females to mingle and be together.
B)public places naturally attract either males or females, but typically not both.
C)males and females experience and use public places in cities differently.
D)all of the above

Question 27

In arguing for a more balanced view of the implications of city life for women, Wilson recognizes that city life does pose risks and dangers for women, but it also…

A)poses dangers for men, especially young African American men.
B)poses dangers for children and that should be the focus.
C)can never really change, so there is no point worrying about it.
D)provides women with freedom and opportunities.

Question 28

While not underestimating the extent of gender harassment in the public realm, Hutter argues that concern over such behavior has reached such epidemic proportions that it has lead to a ________ that may lead to the removal of women from the public sphere.

A)culture of fear
B)culture of urban crime
C)problematic approach
D)new urban etiquette

Question 29

Which of the following theories argues that the city, because of its size, density, and heterogeneity, allows for the development of a critical mass of people to gather and develop their own enclave?

A)Gans' compositional theory
B)Wirth's determinist theory
C)Durkheim's mechanical and organic solidarity theory
D)Fischer's subcultural theory

Question 30

The investigation of the development and vitality of gay enclaves emphasizes that for gay men and lesbians…

A)cities can be dangerous places.
B)social and spatial identities are interwoven and gay enclaves are mutually constructed.
C)suburban areas are much safer than cities for gay men and lesbians.
D)it is necessary to keep Gans' theory in mind at all times.

Question 31

The Stonewall Rebellion is notable as a…

A)gay protest against police harassment of gay bars in New York City in the 1960s.
B)prison riot in Chicago due to the first racial integration of male prisoners in an urban prison.
C)colonial uprising of slaves that spread through mid-Atlantic cities to New England in early nineteenth century.
D)public demonstration of Native Americans in California for free public education for Native Americans in the 1920s.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of "urban tribes" as described by Watters?

A)The group must be small in size, usually with no more than five people.
B)They often involve young urban professionals.
C)They may contain both gay and straight members.
D)They are generally long-lasting.

Question 33

According to Watters, the major factor in the development of "urban tribes" is the…

A)desire of young people to delay marriage until they have established their careers.
B)desire of young people to avoid marriage and stay single permanently.
C)effects of the television show Friends.
D)desire to stay disconnected in the city.

Question 34

Watters disagrees with the idea that young people in cities are disconnected, arguing that the social networks formed by members of urban tribes…

A)keep those people young and thus encourages them to have an optimistic, connected view of life.
B)help to solidify feelings of community through involvements and supports among each other.
C)foster the creation of "social capital," by encouraging them to join civic groups, as argued by Putnam.
D)attract members of the creative class to cities.

Question 35

The social ties formed by people in urban tribes generate…

A)stronger feelings of community and support for members in the city.
B)growing economic infrastructure in the city.
C)decreasing racial and ethnic conflicts.
D)increasing gender harassment in the city.
E)all of the above

Question 36

Richard Florida's theory of the creative class differs from standard accounts of urban economic development by suggesting that…

A)jobs move to where creative people choose to live because of quality-of-life considerations.
B)it is crucial to have large-scale industrial restructuring to encourage creative development.
C)higher education plays a key role in economic development.
D)pro-growth coalitions are essential for urban revitalization.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors included in Richard Florida's creativity index?

A)the percentage of young people living in urban tribes
B)the percentage of high-tech industry
C)creative class share of the workforce
D)innovation, as measured by patents per capita
E)diversity, as measured by a gay index, the percentage of gays in a give locale

Question 38

The research of Kotkin and Modarres demonstrate that childless cities are…

A)Desirable
B)Sustainable
C)Not Sustainable
D)None of the above

Question 39

In his research on cities after dark, Murray Melbin refers to the night as a frontier of _________ that shares some characteristics with the west as a frontier of _________.

A)gentrification; urban renewal
B)time; space
C)space; time
D)ecology; symbols

Question 40

Because of the public nature of the social realm, it is unnecessary to consider exclusion in that realm.

Question 41

Early etiquette manuals directed males to avoid any contact with females in the city.

Question 42

Etiquette books of the late-nineteenth to mid-twentieth century display a theme of female helplessness and perpetuate the superior status of males.

Question 43

Wilson and Lofland suggest that in some feminist literature on the city, concerns over safety, welfare, and protection are dominant and lead to a social problems view of the city.

Question 44

Gay enclaves emerge in the city because urban police are more liberal than rural police and they allow such illegal behavior to exist in the city.

Question 45

Urban tribes may contain both male and female heterosexuals and homosexuals.

Question 46

The unifying element in the work of the creative class is that they all use their minds and have to think on their own.

Question 47

Richard Florida argues that cities that are most open to diversity and are most tolerant will have the lowest levels of economic growth.

Question 48

Disagreeing with the Chicago School, Parsons rejected their view that the nuclear family was in decline.What was his argument?

Question 49

What does Stack's, Billingsley, and McAdoo's research suggest about poor African American families?

Question 50

Oakley concluded that there were four main reasons for the confinement of women to the household and their exclusion from work outside of the home in the Victorian era.What were the reasons?

Question 51

Hutter suggests that the role of women in the Victorian era was paradoxical.In what way was it paradoxical?

Question 52

Describe a few ways that early etiquette books told men to behave in regard to women in the city.

Question 53

Why have large numbers of gay men and lesbians moved to large cities, such New York?

Question 54

What does Ethan Watters describe as the key characteristics of urban tribes?

Question 55

What is Florida's theory of the creative class and how does it differ from more standard accounts of urban economic development?

Question 56

Florida finds an inverse relationship between regions that score higher on his creative index and Robert Putnam's surveys of social capital.How can you explain this?

Question 57

What are Florida's "3Ts"?

Question 58

What is the idea of "night as frontier"?

Question 59

Parsons emphasized that due to industrialization and urbanization, families had become more specialized and were increasingly isolated from their kin.Explain what research by urban scholars has revealed about different types of urban families and their relationships with their extended kin.

Question 60

Some sociologists write of the city as a place of disconnection and weak social relationships, but others describe strong established patterns of relationships in the city.Discuss these two views.Describe some of the social groups that connect people in the city, as described in the chapter.

Question 61

Is the city a place of danger or of opportunity for women? To what extent is it both?

Question 62

Compare social conditions of life for gay and lesbian people in the city and in other environments.What are some advantages of urban life for gay men and lesbians?

Question 63

Explain Florida's theory of the creative class.Note criticisms of the theory, discuss examples of its effects, and give your assessment of it.