Deck 11: Urban Communities and Social Policies

Question 1

According to sociologists Massey and Denton, a set of neighborhoods that are exclusively inhabited by members of one group and in which almost all of the members of the group live is called a/an…

A)enclave.
B)community.
C)ghetto.
D)mosaic of social worlds.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Enclaves are defined as communities where a high percentage of the residents are members of the same group, often an ethnic group.Which of the following additional characteristics is true of enclaves?

A)People reside in enclaves voluntarily.
B)People reside in enclaves involuntarily.
C)Enclaves are usually segregated.
D)Enclaves are always composed of the members of only one ethnic group.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, where Hutter grew up, two ethnic groups lived spatially integrated but symbolically segregated.Each group lived in the neighborhood to be near "their own," and to have access to their own ethnic grocery stores, candy stores, and churches.At that time, Bensonhurst was a/an…

A)ethnic neighborhood.
B)enclave.
C)ghetto.
D)mosaic.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Louis Wirth wrote the classic study of the ghetto, based on the…

A)Jewish community in Chicago.
B)Italian community in Rome.
C)African American community in Chicago.
D)Hispanic community in Chicago.

Question 5

Wirth saw the ghetto primarily in ________ rather than in ________ terms.

A)voluntary; involuntary
B)enclave; ghetto
C)social psychological; geographic
D)geographic; social psychological

Question 6

Louis Wirth and the Chicago School tended to see the ghetto as…

A)a permanent condition for some groups.
B)a stage in the assimilation process that all groups would go through.
C)a mosaic of small social worlds.
D)the result of the shift from mechanical to organic solidarity.

Question 7

The Chicago School failed to understand the experience of African Americans in the ghetto because of their…

A)inability to distinguish between assimilation and cultural pluralism.
B)inability to understand the development of collective efficacy.
C)misunderstanding of the sectors of the city.
D)view of the city as a mosaic of small social worlds.

Question 8

The fundamental problem with the Chicago School in terms of the ghetto was its inability to…

A)distinguish between voluntary action or coercive action as causes of the ghetto.
B)predict that African American segregation in ghettos would be temporary.
C)understand the all immigrant groups went through the assimilation process and that the ghetto was just a stage in that process that would soon be superseded by enclaves.
D)realize that the move from highly centralized inner-city neighborhoods to dispersed suburban communities was not inevitable.

Question 9

One indication of the rapid growth of industrialization in the United States from the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century is that the nonagricultural workforce almost ________ from 1890 to 1910.

A)doubled
B)tripled
C)quadrupled
D)increased only slightly

Question 10

The immigrants who made up the "new immigration" to the United States from 1880 to 1924 came predominantly from…

A)western and northern Europe.
B)eastern and southern Europe.
C)Ireland.
D)China and Japan.

Question 11

Although there are many mixed motives for immigration, the main explanation for the massive movement of people to the United States in the early twentieth century was that…

A)employers in the United States mounted massive recruiting drives, sending people all over Europe to convince people to emigrate to the United States.
B)people all over the world learned about the mosaic of social worlds in American cities and wanted to be a part of that.
C)the immigrants' countries of origin were experiencing population explosions and dislocations.
D)the immigrants yearned for freedom and riches in the United States.

Question 12

Unlike the "old" immigrants, who arrived prior to 1876 and lived in geographically dispersed residence patterns, the "new" immigrants, from 1876-1925, tended to live in the industrial cities of the Northeast and Midwest because…

A)those were the places with jobs available and their chances of success were greatest.
B)laws were passed prohibiting them from living elsewhere.
C)they were new to the country and did not realize that the greatest economic opportunity was in the West.
D)they had always lived in cities in their countries of origin so that was all that they knew.

Question 13

When immigrants to a new society move to an area where they already have family or friends they are engaging in…

A)assimilation.
B)cultural pluralism.
C)reverse migration.
D)chain migration.

Question 14

The Chicago School argued that the extended family ties of immigrants, as well as the communities in which they lived, promoted social disorganization.Tamara Hareven's findings…

A)support those beliefs of the Chicago School.
B)indicated the continuing viability of kinship ties and involvements among urban immigrants.
C)indicated that the more recent immigrants did not have strong traditional kinship ties.
D)supported the idea that chain migration led to family disorganization.

Question 15

Restrictive legislation in 1921 and 1924 drastically limited immigration, nonetheless city migration continued to rise as…

A)Native Americans increasingly moved into the cities.
B)Hispanic Americans moved from the Southwest to cities in the Northeast and Midwest.
C)African Americans moved from rural southern states to industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest.
D)Asian Americans moved from California to cities in the Northeast and Midwest.

Question 16

Like flash mobs, mass mobs are spontaneous gatherings…

A)of a massive amount of people.
B)that attend churches on Sunday Mass.
C)at large sporting events.
D)created by the mass media.

Question 17

An account relied to David Rieff demonstrates that the Havana known by the older generation of migrants…

A)exists only in memories.
B)is what is still great as it once was, because the city has been frozen in time effectively.
C)is even better than they remember.
D)none of the above

Question 18

Although drawn to the North by the promise of jobs, many African Americans in northern cities were eventually ensnared in poverty because of…

A)discriminatory hiring practices, the decline of entry-level manufacturing jobs, and the lack of affordable housing.
B)their move back to the South.
C)increasing competition with large numbers of European immigrants in the 1940s and 50s.
D)their unwillingness to work at industrial jobs.

Question 19

From the period of the Great Migration through World War II, more African Americans and other racial minorities were housed in growing segregated ghettos because of…

A)market factors as explained by the urban ecology model.
B)their own preference to live together.
C)the prevalence of racism.
D)great deals on housing and the ready availability of mortgages in those areas.

Question 20

After World War II, expanding slums, few well-paying jobs, increasing costs of social services, the movement of industrial and manufacturing jobs out of cities, and the beginning of the White middle-class movement to the suburbs caused many cities to experience a(n) …

A)urban renaissance as they had to act creatively to make up for the setbacks.
B)reverse migration as the vast majority of African Americans returned to the South.
C)heightened level of cooperation between city and suburb.
D)steep decline.

Question 21

Post-World War II federal policies that channeled federal funds away from cities to help finance suburban development…

A)exacerbated the plight of American cities.
B)were good for the suburbs but had no real impact on the cities.
C)made it possible for African Americans to move to the suburbs.
D)proved that suburbs were the wave of the future because they provided so much more for people than cities.

Question 22

"Redlining," a policy that denied mortgage funds to many urban communities, especially those containing large minority populations, was…

A)an informal policy of realtors and mortgage bankers that the government fought and opposed for many years.
B)a government-sponsored policy.
C)developed by the real estate industry without the knowledge or approval of the federal government.
D)a practice that ended before World War II.

Question 23

Rather than natural areas emerging out of processes of invasion and succession, as the human ecologists hypothesized, research demonstrated that the creation and development of segregated Black urban communities…

A)was due to an informal policy of realtors and mortgage bankers that the government fought and opposed for many years.
B)was due to a government-sponsored policy.
C)was a result of policies developed by the real estate industry without the knowledge or approval of the federal government.
D)ended before World War II.

Question 24

Massey and Denton summarized the differences between the immigration experiences of Europeans and the migration experience of southern African Americans into Northern cities.Which of the following is NOT one of the differences?

A)European immigrants did not live in segregated communities, while African Americans did.
B)African Americans completed the assimilation cycle earlier than European immigrants because the African Americans were already Americans.
C)European immigrants were dispersed throughout the city and did not all live in an ethnic enclave thus they experienced less isolation than African Americans.
D)The ethnic enclaves of the immigrants eventually conformed to the patterns predicted by the Chicago School, while African Americans continued to live in ghettos.

Question 25

According to Massey and Denton, what has contributed most to the prevalence of Black poverty and has had the most detrimental effect on racial relationships in the United States?

A)lack of jobs
B)the Black ghetto
C)accommodation
D)lack of understanding

Question 26

An area that ranks high on all five dimensions of segregation is an example of…

A)a super enclave.
B)hypersegregation.
C)an urban core.
D)segregation.

Question 27

If a neighborhood is so segregated that the people in it have virtually no contact with people in the larger society, that neighborhood is…

A)a super enclave.
B)segregated.
C)centralized.
D)hypersegregated.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT one of the high-rise housing projects for the poor?

A)Pruitt-Igoe.
B)Cabrini-Green
C)Stuyvesant Town
D)Robert Taylor Homes

Question 29

Under the Urban Renewal Act of 1949, government-subsidized housing replaced demolished older areas that were defined as slums.Many of these programs seemed aimed at displacing the poor, especially members of minority groups, thus giving rise to the term…

A)"Negro removal."
B)gentrification.
C)the city as theme park.
D)the Pruitt-Igoeization of cities.

Question 30

The Pruitt-Igoe housing project in St.Louis was built in 1956 as a Le Corbusier-style "radiant city." By 20 years later the project…

A)had expanded to cover much more area in the city than anyone had ever expected.
B)had become so successful that it served as a model for other public housing projects.
C)had deteriorated so much and had become so unsafe that it was demolished.
D)served as the model for the very similar Stuyvesant Town.

Question 31

The failure of the Pruitt-Igoe housing project in St.Louis was due to the nature of its architectural design and to…

A)the inability of the residents to keep the buildings up and in good shape.
B)the designers giving the residents too much input into the design process instead of just drawing on their own professional expertise.
C)the use of the best materials available which led to outsiders coming in to steal those materials.
D)a combination of political, social, and economic factors beyond the control of the residents.

Question 32

The study of the Pruitt-Igoe housing project in St.Louis by Yancey and his colleagues concluded that the architectural design of the project produced…

A)such a thriving set of informal social networks that it is hard to understand why the project did not work.
B)an atomizing effect on the residents' informal social networks.
C)an example that led many of the young residents to pursue a career in architecture.
D)no effects either positive or negative on the project.

Question 33

Yancey and his colleagues concluded that what was seen as "wasted space," by the designers of Pruitt-Igoe and other projects, should be seen as "defensible space" which is essential for…

A)the development of informal networks of friends and relatives.
B)the development of social support.
C)protection.
D)informal social control.
E)all of the above

Question 34

In studying the Robert Taylor Homes in Chicago, Sudhir Venkatesh avoids focusing on the pathology of the residents or the idea that high-rise projects are a pathological built environment.Instead, he focuses on…

A)how the police helped create the problems in the project by refusing to patrol there regularly.
B)how the residents basically gave up when urban problems got too much for them to handle.
C)the daily struggles of the residents to create a livable community in which they can live peacefully and safely even in the face of tremendous challenges and with limited resources.
D)how residents did not take advantage of all the resources provided to them, thus basically dooming the project to failure.

Question 35

According to Venkatesh, which of the following was NOT one of the factors leading to the failure of the Robert Taylor Homes?

A)poor law enforcement
B)the residents' laziness
C)diminished federal funding
D)socioeconomic hardships
E)gang violence

Question 36

Unlike many other urban renewal projects, Stuyvesant Town was…

A)an inclusive project, including people of various classes, ethnic groups, and racial groups.
B)designed for the middle class.
C)designed for the poor and designed with their input into how to build it, especially in regard to "public spaces."
D)built following the urban design principles of Jane Jacobs.

Question 37

Hutter suggests that the success of Stuyvesant Town can be seen as…

A)what can happen when designers avoid the Le Corbusier radiant city model.
B)an example of what can be accomplished when a project is designed with numerous stores within the housing complex.
C)reflecting what proper funding can accomplish in building a housing complex for people to live in rather than one designed to separate and segregate people.
D)reflecting the importance of architecture in providing a housing complex in which people feel comfortable.

Question 38

Gentrification often leads to…

A)the development of Le Corbusier-type radiant city housing complexes in the gentrified areas.
B)the displacement of lower-income people and changes in the character of the neighborhood.
C)a better environment for all people in the neighborhood, including those with lower income.
D)few discernible changes in urban neighborhoods, but much change in suburbs.

Question 39

Neil Smith links beliefs about the need to develop previously devalued urban land to the ideology of…

A)the suburbs.
B)the urban ecologists.
C)urban renewal.
D)the frontier.

Question 40

If you were making cultural and quality-of-life arguments and explanations for gentrification, you would be giving ________ arguments.

A)demand-side
B)supply-oriented
C)economic
D)revanchist

Question 41

In Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community, Anderson studied gentrification in two Philadelphia communities.The housing renovations and increase in upscale neighborhood shopping increased real estate values.The downside of these developments was that…

A)the upscale shops weren't the best available.
B)they blurred the distinction between enclaves and ghettos.
C)they displaced the original low-income residents who could no longer afford to live there.
D)they increased the crime rate in the neighborhoods.

Question 42

Sharon Zukin studied how the area of cast-iron buildings in SoHo became designated as an "artist district" for "historic preservation and the arts," and thus preserved from destruction.She argues that this…

A)represents the triumph of culture over capitalism in that the area was viewed in terms of its artistic integrity rather than in strictly economic terms.
B)represented an unstable combination of demand-side and supply-oriented arguments that may not remain in place for long.
C)did not mean that culture triumphed over capitalism, but that preservation of the district would be used for its economic growth so that development would still drive the transformation of the area.
D)was a triumph for SoHo that could probably not be duplicated elsewhere.

Question 43

In her book Naked City, Zukin argues that Jane Jacobs did not give sufficient attention to…

A)the importance of informal social control.
B)the powers of banks and real estate companies to funnel capital in gentrifying neighborhoods.
C)loft living.
D)the positive aspects of gentrification.

Question 44

Zukin argues that people's appetite for "authenticity" is the force that destroys…

A)the diverse character of "authentic places."
B)gentrification.
C)homogeneous neighborhoods.
D)hollow cities.

Question 45

Solnit argues that gentrification in San Francisco…

A)revitalized the city in a way that makes it a worldwide model for urban development.
B)had no discernible effect on the overall economic health of the city.
C)was an example of culture triumphing over capitalism in that historic preservation took precedence over economic growth.
D)did not just transform some areas in the city, but transformed the whole city.

Question 46

Solnit suggests that as the artists who helped create the city's culture are forced out in the second step of gentrification, San Francisco becomes a "Hollow City," because…

A)all the buildings they renovated and lived in will be abandoned and left empty.
B)the city will become more touristy and inauthentic rather than a true creative city.
C)it will confirm Florida's argument that cities without many artists will feel empty.
D)the artists designed it that way.

Question 47

Hutter notes the irony that San Francisco and its public realm are being destroyed by…

A)poverty and urban decay.
B)the creative class.
C)wealth.
D)artists.

Question 48

Social scientists and others noted that in the 1980s…

A)homelessness almost disappeared as a social problem, only to reappear at the turn of the century.
B)the creative class increasingly became homeless.
C)the homeless were primarily White males around 50 years old.
D)there were increasing numbers of homeless people in America's cities.

Question 49

Talmadge Wright's analysis of homelessness differs from many others in that he…

A)sees the homeless as passive and unable to resist the factors that leave them homeless.
B)examines how the homeless combat the restructuring of their lives and use various resistance tactics to establish a place for themselves.
C)argues that homelessness has been over-emphasized as a social problem.
D)based his analysis entirely on his research on New York City and Los Angeles.

Question 50

In his research on homelessness, Wright examines the connections among the social construction of space, redevelopment visions, and homeless identities.This leads him to argue that…

A)redevelopment policies usually include all groups in a city.
B)homelessness is a matter of social welfare policy and must be treated that way.
C)homelessness is an issue of land use directly connected to issues of gentrification displacement and the ideas of those in power about what a city should look like and who it should include.
D)all of the above are true.

Question 51

In their research, Snow and Anderson found the vast majority of homeless people were adaptive, resourceful, and pragmatic, leading them to argue that…

A)the key to understanding homelessness is to focus on disabilities.
B)people are homeless largely as a result of their own character weaknesses.
C)no two homeless people are alike and we must examine each case on its own.
D)people are homeless largely as a result of the situations in which they find themselves.

Question 52

In summarizing the causes of homelessness in America, Hutter suggests that government redevelopment policies, land-use policies, and weakened and overburdened social networks all contribute to and exacerbate the main causal factor, which…

A)is substance abuse among the homeless.
B)is the character weaknesses in the homeless population.
C)is poverty.
D)varies so much among different cities that each one has to be looked at separately.

Question 53

Snow and Anderson provided convincing evidence that…

A)the homeless are lazy.
B)the homeless wanted to be homeless.
C)they were all mentally ill and drug addicted.
D)the homeless are pragmatic, adaptive, and highly resourceful.

Question 54

Hutter suggests that ghettos and enclaves are fundamentally the same.

Question 55

The Chicago School saw the ghetto as a stage in the assimilation process of immigrant groups.

Question 56

Industrialization broke up traditional kinship ties and destroyed the interdependence of the family and community of urban immigrants in the early twentieth century.

Question 57

There is no connection between the policies and processes that created a largely White suburbia after WWII and the intensification of African American ghettos.

Question 58

Deliberate government policies, in conjunction with institutional discrimination practices of private real-estate investors, bankers, and businesses to segregate the African American community, led to the creation and continuation of the African American ghetto.

Question 59

Many Latinos are poor and disadvantaged, as are many African Americans, and both groups experience hypersegregation.

Question 60

In designing large housing projects, architects should take the needs of the residents into account.

Question 61

Sudhir Venkatesh argues that problems with the built environment of public housing and the shortcomings of the residents contributed most to the failures of public housing.

Question 62

Venkatesh suggests that the residents of the Robert Taylor Homes actively tried to use various resources, including sharing goods and services and the development of social networks, but were defeated by the severity and harshness of the circumstances of their lives.

Question 63

Architecture critic Paul Goldberger suggests that the primary lesson from Stuyvesant Town's success may be that architecture may not always be crucial.

Question 64

Neil Smith argues that gentrification is linked to processes of global economic restructuring.

Question 65

Sharon Zukin believes that the quest of affluent, well-educated people to live in "authentic" urban neighborhoods can undermine the authenticity of those neighborhoods.

Question 66

Solnit has been criticized for being overly sympathetic towards the poor who were displaced during the gentrification of San Francisco.

Question 67

What are the key differences between enclaves and ghettos?

Question 68

Both push and pull factors explain the large-scale African American migration to northern cities in the first half of the twentieth century.What are these factors?

Question 69

After World War II, what factors caused many American cities to go into a steep decline?

Question 70

Explain how federal policies that channeled federal funds away from cities to help finance suburban development exacerbated the plight of American cities.

Question 71

What is hypersegregation?

Question 72

What are the stages of the assimilation cycle developed by the Chicago School?

Question 73

Explain why the Chicago School's assimilation cycle did not seem to apply to African Americans.

Question 74

Geographic variations associated with segregation are identified by five different dimensions.Name them.

Question 75

The Pruitt-Igoe housing project was demolished beginning at 3:22 p.m.on July 15, 1973.Architect Charles Jencks stated that the beginning of the destruction of the project marked the beginning of the end of modernism.What did he mean by this?

Question 76

What did Yancey and his colleagues suggest about what was seen as "wasted space" in Pruitt-Igoe?

Question 77

What does Venkatesh see as the primary reasons for the failures of public housing projects such as the Robert Taylor Homes?

Question 78

What is gentrification and hypergentrification? Give an example of each.

Question 79

Solnit suggests that San Francisco went through a two-step gentrification process.What were the two steps?

Question 80

How did the "new" homeless who appeared in increasing numbers in America's cities during the 1980s differ from the "old" homeless of the 1950s and 1960s?