Deck 8: Crimes of Place

Question 1

__________ is the most frequently reported informal economic activity of gangs.

A) Drug trafficking
B) Weapons smuggling
C) Human trafficking
D) Robbery

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Social ecologists see humans as social beings, shaped by:

A) Their interdependence
B) Their dependence on the resources of their environment
C) The functions that they perform for the system within their localized communities
D) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

__________ believed that the distribution of plant and animal life in nature could provide important insights for understanding the organization of human societies.

A) Robert Park
B) Clifford Shaw
C) Oscar Newman
D) Frederic Thrasher

Answer 3

A

Question 4

__________ believed that crime prevention should create areas of defensible space.

A) Robert Park
B) Clifford Shaw
C) Oscar Newman
D) Frederic Thrasher

Question 5

Chicago School sociologist ___________ found that gang membership provided a substitute for the disorganized and fragmented community, one that develops its own values and traditions of loyalty and support for fellow gang members.

A) Robert Park
B) Clifford Shaw
C) Oscar Newman
D) Frederic Thrasher

Question 6

__________ developed the Chicago Area Project (CAP) to assist with developing social organizations through involving neighborhood residents in setting up local groups and clubs for youths.

A) Robert Park
B) Clifford Shaw
C) Oscar Newman
D) Frederic Thrasher

Question 7

According to social ecology theory, certain __________ remain crime problem areas for years, regardless of the particular people who live there.

A) neighborhoods
B) homes
C) places
D) All of the above

Question 8

__________ theory involves planning and design strategies that are aimed at reassigning ownership of residential space to reduce the amount of common multiple-user open space because residents cannot assert responsibility for these areas, leaving them open to crime and vandalism.

A) Concentric zone
B) Defensible space
C) Culture conflict
D) Defendable area

Question 9

__________ theory states that legal definitions are relative, changing over time as a result of changes in conduct norms.

A) Concentric zone
B) Defensible space
C) Culture conflict
D) Defendable area

Question 10

__________ theory argues that city growth is generated by the pressure from the city center to expand outward. Expansion threatens to encroach on the surrounding areas and does so in concentric waves, or circles, with the center being the most intense, having the highest density and highest occupancy. These concentrations become progressively less intense and of lower density with greater distance from the center.

A) Concentric zone
B) Defensible space
C) Culture conflict
D) Defendable area

Question 11

Social disorganization refers to a situation in which:

A) There is little or no community feeling and social organizations are ineffective
B) Relationships are transitory
C) Levels of community surveillance are low and institutions of informal control are weak
D) All of the above

Question 12

The term __________ refers to a measure of social cohesion among residents and their willingness to act to control unacceptable behavior.

A) collective efficacy
B) conduct norm
C) social disorganization
D) street culture

Question 13

A __________ is associated with a culture and defines some behavior as acceptable and other behavior as unacceptable. This type of norm regulates an individual's daily life and behavior.

A) collective efficacy
B) conduct norm
C) social disorganization
D) street culture

Question 14

Elijah Anderson has examined the key features of '____________' and found that some youths whose families are cut off from conventional culture, suffering from a range of economic and social problems and inconsistently monitored and disciplined, become alienated from the mainstream society that they have little hope of joining.

A) collective efficacy
B) conduct norm
C) social disorganization
D) street culture

Question 15

The term __________ refers to the decrease of the influence of existing social rules of behavior on individual members of the group.

A) collective efficacy
B) conduct norm
C) social disorganization
D) street culture

Question 16

The results of Shaw and McKay's research showed that official crime rates were greatest in Zone __________, declining with distance outward from the city.

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four

Question 17

___________ looks at the issues of space, land use, and physical design and how these impact crime.

A) Urban design and environmental criminology
B) Critical ecology
C) Integrated and systemic ecology
D) Systemic ecology

Question 18

__________ tries to take into account the political and economic forces in creating and shaping the space that is used to facilitate crime.

A) Urban design and environmental criminology
B) Critical ecology
C) Integrated and systemic ecology
D) System ecology

Question 19

____________ suggests that what is required is a systemic model that focuses on the regulatory capacities of relational networks that exist within and between neighborhoods.

A) Urban design and environmental criminology
B) Critical ecology
C) Integrated and systemic ecology
D) Systemic ecology

Question 20

____________ suggests a systemic approach to explain crime that focuses on the interrelationship among social ecological, biological, social learning, routine activities, rational choice, and cultural theories, and on the regulatory capacities of relational networks in neighborhoods and between them.

A) Urban design and environmental criminology
B) Critical ecology
C) Integrated and systemic ecology
D) Systemic ecology

Question 21

Systemic social disorganization impacts control at the neighborhood level through its effects on the ___________ dimensions of social order.

A) private
B) parochial
C) public
D) All of the above

Question 22

Law enforcement agencies report gang problems are less prevalent in large cities compared with suburban communities, smaller cities, and rural counties.

Question 23

Criminologists who examine the connection between crime and geographical space, are known as social or human ecologists.

Question 24

Social ecology theory is based on the idea that the way plant and animal species colonize their environments can be applied to the way humans colonize geographical space.

Question 25

Social ecology theory holds neither a conflict nor a consensus view of the social order.

Question 26

The central hypothesis of social ecologists is that human organization arises from the interaction of the population and the environment.

Question 27

Social ecology theory seeks to explain why such patterns of criminal activity occur in specific geographical areas such as cities, and why they persist over time.

Question 28

Concentric zone theory involves planning and design strategies that are aimed at reassigning ownership of residential space to reduce the amount of common multiple-user open space because residents cannot assert responsibility for these areas, leaving them open to crime and vandalism.

Question 29

Unlike an organized community, where social solidarity, neighborhood cooperation, and harmonious action work to solve common problems, socially disorganized neighborhoods have several competing and conflicting moral values.

Question 30

Defensible space theory argues that city growth is generated by the pressure from the city center to expand outward. Expansion threatens to encroach on the surrounding areas and does so in concentric waves, or circles, with the center being the most intense, having the highest density and highest occupancy. These concentrations become progressively less intense and of lower density with greater distance from the center.

Question 31

Integrated ecology is an attempt to integrate ecological, biological, social learning, routine-activities, rational-choice, and cultural theories.

Question 32

Cultural theorists observe that people from different origins and ethnic groups have distinct cultural heritages.

Question 33

Primary culture conflict refers to instances where segments within the same culture differ as to the acceptability of conduct norms.

Question 34

Secondary culture conflict refers to those cases where the norms of the subordinate culture are considered criminal in the new (dominant) culture.

Question 35

Critical ecology tries to take into account the political and economic forces in creating and shaping the space that is used to facilitate crime.

Question 36

The results of Shaw and McKay's research showed that official crime rates were greatest in Zone One, declining with distance outward from the city.

Question 37

As a criminological theory, social ecology involves the study of __________ places.

Question 38

Robert Park's students and contemporaries developed the very influential __________ School.

Question 39

Oscar Newman believed that crime prevention should create areas of '__________ space'.

Question 40

__________ zone theory argues that city growth is generated by the pressure from the city center to expand outward. Expansion threatens to encroach on the surrounding areas and does so in concentric waves, or circles, with the center being the most intense, having the highest density and highest occupancy. These concentrations become progressively less intense and of lower density with greater distance from the center.

Question 41

One criticism of social ecology theory involves the use of plant ecology that is based on a series of false analogies, resulting in the fallacious error of using aggregate-level data to explain individual actions. This major defect involves making assumptions about individuals based on group characteristics and is called the ecological ___________.

Question 42

____________ ecology is an attempt to integrate ecological, biological, social learning, routine-activities, rational-choice, and cultural theories.

Question 43

The term ___________ refers to a measure of social cohesion among residents and their willingness to act to control unacceptable behavior.

Question 44

The term __________ refers to the decrease of the influence of existing social rules of behavior on individual members of the group.

Question 45

The results of Shaw and McKay's research showed that official crime rates were greatest in Zone ___________, declining with distance outward from the city.

Question 46

__________ norms are associated with a culture and define some behavior as acceptable and other behavior as unacceptable. These norms regulate an individual's daily life and behavior.

Question 47

What is the ecological fallacy? Please explain this concept. Do you, personally, think that this is a valid 'argument'?

Question 48

Concentric zone theory states that there are five concentric zones, each 2 miles wide to describe the patterns of social development in Chicago. Please list and describe these five zones.

Question 49

What is 'integrated ecology'? Please indicate the benefits to this approach.

Question 50

Systemic social disorganization impacts control at the neighborhood level through its effects on multiple dimensions of social order. Please list and describe these dimensions.

Question 51

Thorsten Sellin distinguished between two types of culture conflict. Please list and describe these types. What is the difference between the two?