Deck 2: What Is Crime

Question 1

___________ are intentional acts or omissions in violation of criminal law, committed without defense or justification, and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor.

A) Laws
B) Crimes
C) Deviant acts
D) Victims

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Crimes are acts that are ___________ by criminal law.

A) prohibited
B) prosecuted
C) punished
D) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

___________ theorists believe that there is agreement between most people of all economic, social, and political positions about what behaviors are unacceptable and what should be labeled criminal.

A) Consensus
B) Conflict
C) Postmodern
D) Critical

Answer 3

A

Question 4

__________ criminology criticizes the overall kind of society in which we live and suggests we replace it with a socialist system.

A) Consensus
B) Conflict
C) Postmodern
D) Critical

Question 5

___________ theory is a perspective that rejects claims that any body of knowledge is true or can be true. Instead, its advocates believe that "claims to know" are simply power plays by some to dominate others.

A) Consensus
B) Conflict
C) Postmodern
D) Critical

Question 6

___________ theory is based on the idea that, rather than being similar, people are different and struggle over their differences. According to this theory, society is made up of groups that compete with one another over scarce resources. The conflict over different interests produces differing definitions of crime. These definitions are determined by the group in power and are used to further its needs and consolidate its power.

A) Consensus
B) Conflict
C) Postmodern
D) Critical

Question 7

Crimes are not produced by legislation alone. In fact, judicial interpretation also determines what is or is not crime. Judicial decisions can also be___________.

A) appealed
B) overturned
C) revised
D) All of the above

Question 8

___________ theorists believe that, when power is determined by wealth, the conflict is considered class-based. Groups that acquire power through political or economic manipulation and exploitation place legal constraints on those without power. Crime is rooted in the vast differences of wealth and power associated with class divisions.

A) Cultural conflict
B) Marxist conflict
C) Constitutive criminological
D) Feminist

Question 9

___________ theory provides the framework for reconnecting crime and its control with the society from which it is conceptually and institutionally constructed by human agents.

A) Cultural conflict
B) Marxist conflict
C) Constitutive criminological
D) Feminist

Question 10

___________ theorists believe that criminology should not merely focus on crime but also include violations of culture norms, that is, behaviors that are considered standard for a specific cultural group.

A) Cultural conflict
B) Marxist conflict
C) Constitutive criminological
D) Feminist

Question 11

According to cultural conflict theory, ___________ conflict occurs when a person raised in one culture is transposed into a different one. This person may follow traditional cultural norms; acting on such traditional norms may violate the norms of the host country.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) deviant

Question 12

According to cultural conflict theory, ___________ conflict occurs between groups of people who live in the same geographic area but create their own distinct value systems. Where these clash, conflict and norm violations occur.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) deviant

Question 13

When power is determined by wealth, the conflict is considered class based. Analysis of this type of conflict is founded on principles outlined by nineteenth-century social philosopher ___________. In this conflict theory, the definition of crime focuses on conflicts that arise in capitalist society.

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Karl Marx
C) Max Weber
D) Erving Goffman

Question 14

With regard to victimizations not reported to the police between the years of 2006 and 2010, the crime of ___________ is the least reported crime.

A) Rape/sexual assault
B) Theft
C) Burglary
D) Motor vehicle theft

Question 15

With regard to victimizations not reported to the police between the years of 2006 and 2010, the crime of ___________ is the most reported crime.

A) Rape/sexual assault
B) Theft
C) Burglary
D) Motor vehicle theft

Question 16

To solve the problems with Hagan's crime pyramid, Henry and Lanier have redesigned the visual structure of this depiction of crime by making it a double pyramid or what they call the crime ___________.

A) panopticon
B) prison
C) prism
D) polygon

Question 17

Marxist conflict theorists are furthest away from the view that law should define the content of crime. Instead, they argue that any behavior that causes ___________ is a crime.

A) harm
B) deviance
C) jealousy
D) self-defense

Question 18

According to constitutive criminologists, ________________.

A) Crime is an agency's ability to make a negative difference to others.
B) Crimes are nothing less than moments in the expression of power such that those who are subjected to these expressions are denied their own contribution to the encounter and often to future encounters.
C) Crime then is the power to deny others in which those subject to the power of another suffer the pain of being denied their own humanity, the power to make a difference
D) All of the above

Question 19

An important consideration when defining crime is the observation that crime is contextual. Criminal harm takes different forms depending on the historical period, specific context, social setting, location, or situation in which it occurs.

Question 20

Most criminologists have traditionally relied on the legal conception of crime, which defines crime as behavior in violation of criminal law and liable for sanctioning by the criminal justice system.

Question 21

Civil law gives behavior its quality of criminality. In other words, civil law specifies the acts or omissions that constitute crime.

Question 22

The conflict approach refers to definitions of crime that reflect the ideas of the society as a whole. It assumes that all members of society agree on what should be considered crime, such as homicide and rape. Conflict definitions constitute a set of universal values.

Question 23

Crimes of the powerless are crimes for which those in relatively weak economic and political positions in society are predominantly arrested.

Question 24

The consensus approach refers to definitions of crime based on the belief that society is composed of different interest groups. These various groups are in competition with one another, and the competition is most pronounced between the powerful and powerless.

Question 25

Postmodernism is a perspective that rejects claims that any body of knowledge is true or can be true. Instead, its advocates believe that "claims to know" are simply power plays by some to dominate others.

Question 26

Crimes of the powerful are crimes committed by people who are in relatively strong legitimate economic and political positions in society.

Question 27

Mala prohibita crimes are acts that are 'bad in themselves. These acts are inherently evil and universally recognized as being crimes.

Question 28

According to critical criminologists, the definition of crime should be expanded to include the socially injurious activities of powerful groups against the powerless as well as behavior that violates or intrudes upon others' human rights.

Question 29

Mala in se crimes are those that have been created by legislative action. These acts involve a social, ecological, and temporal context and may be criminal in one society but not criminal in another.

Question 30

According to Marxist conflict theory, crime is defined as the activities of those who threaten the powerful. A definition of crime based on economic interests emphasizes that crime and deviance are the inevitable consequences of fundamental contradictions within society's economic infrastructure.

Question 31

What is defined as crime by the legal code varies from location to location and changes over time.

Question 32

Crimes are not produced by legislation alone. Judicial interpretation also determines what is or is not crime.

Question 33

The term analogous social injury refers to harm caused by acts or conditions that are legal but produce similar consequences to those produced by illegal acts.

Question 34

Most criminologists have traditionally relied on the legal conception, which defines crime___________ as behavior in violation of criminal law and liable for sanctioning by the criminal justice system.

Question 35

The ___________ approach to the definition of crime reflect the ideas of the society as a whole. It assumes that all members of society agree on what should be considered crime.

Question 36

The ___________ approach to the definition of crime is based on the belief that society is composed of different interest groups. These various groups are in competition with one another, and the competition is most pronounced between the powerful and powerless.

Question 37

In addition to being based on wealth and power, groups in society form around culture, prestige, status, morality, ethics, religion, ethnicity, gender, race, ideology, human rights, the right to own guns, and so on. Each group may fight to dominate others on issues. Approaches to defining crime that take account of these multiple dimensions are known as ____________ theories.

Question 38

According to ___________ theory, criminology should not merely focus on crime but also include violations of 'culture norms,' that is, behaviors that are considered standard for a specific cultural group.

Question 39

In ___________ theory, the definition of crime focuses on conflicts that arise in capitalist society.

Question 40

Some theorists define crime as 'a political tool used to protect power, wealth, and position in a society.' This power-and-wealth version of conflict theory has been termed ___________ criminology. This is because it criticizes the overall kind of society in which we live and suggests we replace it with a socialist system.

Question 41

Harm caused by acts or conditions that are legal but produce similar consequences to those produced by illegal acts is referred to as ____________.

Question 42

_____________ is a perspective that rejects claims that any body of knowledge is true or can be true.

Question 43

____________ criminology is considered to be the framework for reconnecting crime and its control with the society from which it is conceptually and institutionally constructed by human agents. 'Crime is both in and of society.'

Question 44

____________ crimes are 'acts bad in themselves.' They are inherently evil; universally recognized as being crimes.

Question 45

____________ crimes are those that have been created by legislative action. They involve a social, ecological, and temporal context. In fact, these acts may be criminal in one society but not criminal in another.

Question 46

Crimes of the ___________ are those crimes for which those in relatively weak economic and political positions in society are predominantly arrested.

Question 47

Crimes of the ___________ are those crimes committed by people who are in relatively strong legitimate economic and political positions in society.

Question 48

With regard to victimizations not reported to police between the years of 2006 and 2010, the crime of ___________ is the least reported crime.

Question 49

Why might the legal definition of criminology be too limited in scope? What are some of the arguments made about defining criminology from the legal perspective?

Question 50

Please describe and compare both the consensus and conflict approaches to the definition of crime. What are any similarities and differences between these two perspectives?

Question 51

What are the two types of conflict discussed within Sellin's cultural conflict theory? What are any similarities and differences between these two types?

Question 52

Please provide three examples of 'analogous social injury,' other than any example provided in your text.

Question 53

What is 'crime' according to constitutive criminologists?