Deck 12: New Directions in Critical Criminological Theory

Question 1

____________ takes the position that the primary victims of crime are working-class people, who are being attacked from both above (crimes of the powerful) and from below (street crimes of the lower class).

A) Left realism
B) Constitutive Criminology
C) Cultural Criminology
D) Critical Race Theory

Answer 1

A

Question 2

____________ argues that crime and its control cannot be separated from the totality of the structural and cultural contexts in which it is produced.

A) Left realism
B) Constitutive Criminology
C) Cultural Criminology
D) Critical Race Theory

Answer 2

B

Question 3

____________ is an orientation designed especially for critical engagement with the politics of meaning surrounding crime and crime control, and for critical intervention into those politics.

A) Left realism
B) Constitutive Criminology
C) Cultural Criminology
D) Critical Race Theory

Answer 3

C

Question 4

____________ questioned law and the courts whose judicial conclusions were seen as the outcome of dominant power structures.

A) Left realism
B) Constitutive Criminology
C) Cultural Criminology
D) Critical Race Theory

Question 5

A postmodernist definition of crime includes harms created by the routine practices of our society's institutions, such as:

A) Work and bureacracy
B) Government and law
C) Family
D) All of the above

Question 6

Postmodernism is consistent with Heisenberg's ______________, that reality is affected by the observer such that what is real and true is less certain, less decidable.

A) uncertainty principle
B) doubt assumption
C) ambiguity dogma
D) confidence tenet

Question 7

____________ is a form of analysis that exposes unquestioned assumptions and internal contradictions in language and arguments.

A) Deconstruction
B) Edgework
C) Anarchism
D) Abolitionism

Question 8

____________ is the term coined by Stephen Lyng to describe and explain the high-risk adrenaline-rush behavior of those who engage in a variety of deviant activities.

A) Deconstruction
B) Edgework
C) Anarchism
D) Abolitionism

Question 9

____________ refers to a belief in a society without rulers.

A) Deconstruction
B) Edgework
C) Anarchism
D) Abolitionism

Question 10

______________ refers to removing punishment from criminal justice; it is rooted in the notion that punishment is never justified.

A) Deconstruction
B) Edgework
C) Anarchism
D) Abolitionism

Question 11

Constitutive criminology refers to the victim as a ____________, with both untapped human potential and a damaged faith in humanity.

A) excessive investor
B) recovering subject
C) edgeworker
D) moderate shareholder

Question 12

Constitutive criminology views the offender as an ___________ in the power to dominate others.

A) excessive investor
B) recovering subject
C) edgeworker
D) moderate shareholder

Question 13

Of particular interest is how and why the '___________' invokes a high degree of control and skill to avoid the extreme dangers, possibly death, in order to reap the 'pleasures of sensation and emotion' of the body.

A) excessive investor
B) recovering subject
C) edgeworker
D) moderate shareholder

Question 14

____________ criminologists advocate nonviolent approaches to resolving the conflict of crime. They argue that instead of escalating the violence and conflict in our already violent society by responding to it with state violence and conflict in the form of penal sanctions, we need to de-escalate it by responding with forms of conciliation, mediation, and dispute settlement.

A) Replacement discourse
B) Peacemaking
C) Restorative justice
D) Reparation

Question 15

The term restorative justice was first coined by psychologist Albert Eglash when he was writing about ___________.

A) replacement discourse
B) peacemaking
C) restorative justice
D) reparation

Question 16

Restorative justice is a victim-centered response to crime that allows the _____________ to address the harm caused by the crime.

A) victim and offender
B) families of the victim and offender
C) representatives of the community
D) All of the above

Question 17

Constitutive criminology calls for a justice policy of ____________ directed toward the dual process of deconstructing prevailing structures of meaning and displacing them with new conceptions, distinctions, words and phrases, which convey alternative meanings.

A) replacement discourse
B) peacemaking
C) restorative justice
D) reparation

Question 18

______________ calls for adopting practices that integrate offenders with victims and their community.

A) Replacement discourse
B) Peacemaking
C) Restorative justice
D) Reparation

Question 19

To complete the picture of crime, left realism argues that it is essential to include both victims and offenders in their relationships to each other, to the state's criminal justice agencies, and to the general public.

Question 20

Left realists believe that the polarizing effects of capitalism divide societies into the 'haves' and 'have nots while simultaneously promoting competitive individualism and greed.

Question 21

Left realists believe in waiting for a socialist revolution before implementing policies that reduce the suffering from crime caused by the capitalist system and its agencies of social control.

Question 22

Within criminology, a postmodernist view of crime not only includes challenges to legal definitions but also sees the total society, particularly its discourse, as a source of crime.

Question 23

Postmodernists fundamentally disagree that there is such a thing as objective truth. Instead, all knowledge is subjective, shaped by personal, cultural, and political views.

Question 24

According to postmodernists, crimes involve people being disrespected.

Question 25

Constitutive criminologists argue that unequal power relations, built on the constructions of difference, provide the conditions that define crime as harm.

Question 26

According to constitutive criminologists, harms of reduction occur when people experience a limit, or restriction, preventing them from achieving a desired position or standing. These individuals could be prevented from achieving a career goal because of sexism or racism or end up meeting a promotional 'glass ceiling.'

Question 27

According to constitutive criminologists, harms of repression occur when offended parties experience a loss of some quality relative to their present standing. For example, they could have property stolen from them, or they could have dignity stripped from them via hate crimes.

Question 28

According to constitutive criminologists, victims suffer the pain of being denied their own humanity, the power to make a difference. The victim of crime is thus rendered a non-person, a non-human, or less complete being.

Question 29

Edgework theorists invoke a nonmaterial explanation for deviant motivation as an end in itself, as a place of freedom from constructed limits and borders, in which humans experience their own humanity, enjoyed as one approaches 'the invitational edge' that most control systems prevent humans from approaching.

Question 30

What cultural criminology captures through its qualitative engagement is the richness of the experience of crime and its control as a contested arena of symbolic representation.

Question 31

Anarchism is a movement not merely to reform prisons but to get rid of them entirely and replace them with community controls and community treatment that attempt to deal with crime as an outcome of relationship issues.

Question 32

Abolitionism involves the belief that hierarchical systems of authority and domination should be opposed. Structures of power, whatever their form, are based on inequality and hierarchy, which create conflict and destroy the freedom necessary for constructive cooperation.

Question 33

The term democracy refers to a genuine participation by all in decisions about our lives that is achievable only in a decentralized, nonhierarchical social structure.

Question 34

Restorative justice is a victim-centered response to crime that allows the victim, the offender, their families, and representatives of the community to address the harm caused by the crime.

Question 35

Critical race theory is concerned with rebuilding relationships after an offense rather than driving a wedge between off enders and their communities, which is the hallmark of modern criminal justice systems.

Question 36

Postmodern theorists believe that knowledge and truth are '___________.'

Question 37

According to ____________, one of the major sources of conflict and harm in societies results from people investing energy in 'discursive distinctions,' believing in their reality, defending them, and imposing them on others.

Question 38

___________ criminologists argue that unequal power relations, built on the constructions of difference, provide the conditions that define crime as harm.

Question 39

_____________ denotes situations of voluntary risk taking where those involved match illicit and life-threatening risks with highly honed subcultural survival skills.

Question 40

What __________ criminology captures through its qualitative engagement is the richness of the experience of crime and its control as a contested arena of symbolic representation.

Question 41

____________ refers to a belief in a society without rulers.

Question 42

Anarchists believe existing structures of domination should be replaced by a 'fragmented and de-centered ____________' that celebrates multiple interpretations and styles.

Question 43

____________ is a movement not merely to reform prisons but to get rid of them entirely and replace them with community controls and community treatment that attempt to deal with crime as an outcome of relationship issues.

Question 44

The term __________ refers to a genuine participation by all in decisions about our lives that is achievable only in a decentralized, nonhierarchical social structure.

Question 45

______________ calls for adopting practices that integrate offenders with victims and their community.

Question 46

The theories considered in this chapter are 'critical' for at multiple reasons. What are these reasons?

Question 47

What are the core beliefs of Critical Race Theory? Please list and describe each.

Question 48

Sarre identified several criticisms that have been leveled at restorative justice that explain a reluctance to adopt it more widely. What are these views? Would you add any other opinions to this list?

Question 49

What is the difference between constitutive criminology and cultural criminology? Please explain.

Question 50

How have left realism, postmodernism, and constitutive criminology been evaluated? Please explain.