Deck 11: Patriarchy, Gender, and Crime

Question 1

Feminist criminologists take __________ as the central concept in explanations of social relationships, processes, and institutions that produce law, power, crime, and victimization.

A) gender
B) deviance
C) power
D) conflict

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Feminist scholars believe that traditional mainstream criminology is unable to explain these patterns of behavior because it ignores the structuring of society by gender that results in patriarchy and its theories are almost exclusively designed and applicable to explain male crime, which is known as the '___________ problem.'

A) gender-ratio
B) generalizability
C) pathways
D) blurred boundaries

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Feminist theorists try to explain why most violent crime is committed by men as well as why women are far less likely to be involved in criminal activity-a phenomenon known as the '__________ problem.'

A) gender-ratio
B) generalizability
C) pathways
D) blurred boundaries

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to __________ research, certain events or life experiences increase one's risk of offending.

A) gender-ratio
B) generalizability
C) pathways
D) blurred boundaries

Question 5

The concept of ____________ suggests that patterns of past victimization may result in future violent offending.

A) gender-ratio
B) generalizability
C) pathways
D) blurred boundaries

Question 6

The feminist perspective in criminology did not become firmly established until the __________s.

A) 1960s
B) 1970s
C) 1980s
D) 1990s

Question 7

__________ feminists argue that the subordinated position of women and the criminal tendencies of men result from the way boys and girls are socialized into different masculine and feminine identities and from male discrimination against feminine identities.

A) Liberal
B) Radical
C) Marxist
D) Socialist

Question 8

__________ feminists believe that the explanation for the gender ratio in crime is self-evident. Crime is men's behavior, not women's behavior; it is in men's biological nature to be aggressive and dominant.

A) Liberal
B) Radical
C) Marxist
D) Socialist

Question 9

According to radical feminists, the sexual division of labor is reinforced by male aggression, which is used to define and control the culture and institutions of society, including:

A) The state and its institutions of government
B) Employment and work relationships
C) Social institutions
D) All of the above

Question 10

__________ feminism, sees society as patriarchal but argues that this patriarchy is rooted in the kind of economy a society has; in particular in its class relations of production.

A) Liberal
B) Radical
C) Marxist
D) Socialist

Question 11

__________ feminism examines the interrelated and interdependent forces of capitalism and patriarchy that lead to men's crime and women's oppression, subordination, and dependency.

A) Liberal
B) Radical
C) Marxist
D) Socialist

Question 12

The masculinization and emancipation thesis proposed that as a result of the 1960s women's movement, women were:

A) Adopting male roles and becoming socially and culturally more like men
B) Becoming more competitive with men and working more
C) Encountering more economic opportunities and fighting as aggressively as men to establish themselves
D) All of the above

Question 13

____________ and colleagues state that class relations in the workplace and gender relations in society come together in the domestic context of the family, producing two basic types of families with different consequences for female crime.

A) John Hagan
B) Karl Marx
C) Mary Daly
D) Jeanne Flavin

Question 14

John Hagan's ___________ theory states that girls are controlled relationally, by both male domination and by female role modeling and supervision and, therefore, are less likely to engage in crime than boys.

A) Power-Control
B) Authority-Rule
C) Supremacy-Domination
D) Dominance-Hegemony

Question 15

____________ emphasizes the importance of alternative discourses and accounts and frequently takes the form of examining the effects of language and symbolic representations.

A) Epistemology
B) Postmodernism
C) Positivism
D) Philosophy

Question 16

Given the history of quantitative methods being used to justify and perpetuate existing prejudices, the idea that ___________ can be used in a multiculturally competent manner to promote social justice does not always come easily.

A) epistemology
B) postmodernism
C) positivism
D) philosophy

Question 17

___________ involves a focus on the body of concepts, theories, and problems central in understanding knowledge and justification.

A) Epistemology
B) Postmodernism
C) Positivism
D) Philosophy

Question 18

Conflict theorists seek to explain why women engage in serious and violent crime.

Question 19

Feminist criminology situates the study of crime and criminal justice within a complex understanding that the social world is systematically shaped by relations of sex and gender.

Question 20

According to feminist criminologists, gender-specifically being female-is one of the strongest correlates of criminal offending.

Question 21

One of the major criminological findings that has remained consistently unexplained by mainstream criminologists is that although women do occasionally commit serious, and especially violent, crimes, they generally commit far fewer of them than men and are arrested or convicted at a lower rate for their crimes.

Question 22

Liberal feminists believe that the explanation for the gender ratio in crime is self-evident. Crime is men's behavior, not women's behavior; it is in men's biological nature to be aggressive and dominant.

Question 23

Radical feminists argue that the subordinated position of women and the criminal tendencies of men result from the way boys and girls are socialized into different masculine and feminine identities and from male discrimination against feminine identities.

Question 24

Radical feminists believe that men are born to be sexually dominant, and it is this biological difference that directly causes their criminality and also explains why the gender crime ratio is universal across time, space, and cultures.

Question 25

According to your text, there are two varieties of radical feminism. Radical cultural feminism argues that an exclusively feminist agenda will limit women's development. They advocate that women should develop androgynous identities to embrace the positive aspects of both maleness and femaleness, and this translates into freedom to explore all forms of sexual expression, including pornography, which enables women to control their sexuality. They also advocate for artificial reproduction, seeing heterosexual reproduction as undermining of women's freedom.

Question 26

According to your text, there are two varieties of radical feminism. Radical libertarian feminism states that women should strive for independence from men and their values of independence and dominance and, instead, should emphasize women's values of community, nurturing, interdependence, process, peacemaking, and horizontal rather than hierarchical structures. This type of feminism also opposes sex with men in the patriarchal institution of motherhood, preferring lesbian relationships, and sees pornography as the ultimate objectification of women.

Question 27

Radical feminists believe that once women have obtained power, the objective is to abolish gender, hierarchy, and the distinction between the public and private spheres of society.

Question 28

The essence of the Marxist-feminist position is that societies with less social class inequality also have less gender inequality, because male dominance, like other types of discrimination, grows largely out of unequal economic conditions, specifically the exploitative class relations inherent in capitalism.

Question 29

Marxist feminism sees humans as shaped and transformed by cooperative productive activity in which human beings continuously re-create their physiological and psychological constitution.

Question 30

Socialist feminists see male crime against women not as the result of inherent qualities of male nature but as a product of men's molding to exploitative relations by a capitalist system.

Question 31

Standpoint epistemology claims that those who are unprivileged with respect to their social positions are likely to be privileged with respect to gaining knowledge of social reality.

Question 32

Proponents of the feminist positivist empiricism tradition have argued for reshaping scientific practices to be proportionate to the goals of feminism.

Question 33

Feminist criminologists take __________ as the central concept in explanations of social relationships, processes, and institutions that produce law, power, crime, and victimization.

Question 34

According to feminist criminologists, gender-specifically being ___________-is one of the strongest correlates of criminal offending.

Question 35

According to __________ research, certain events or life experiences increase one's risk of offending.

Question 36

According to what is known as the __________ hypothesis, women have been less likely to be featured in official crime statistics in the past, not because they are less criminal but because of knightly virtue and kindly treatment of women by the criminal justice system.

Question 37

__________ feminists argue that the subordinated position of women and the criminal tendencies of men result from the way boys and girls are socialized into different masculine and feminine identities and from male discrimination against feminine identities.

Question 38

__________ feminists believe that the explanation for the gender ratio in crime is self-evident. Crime is men's behavior, not women's behavior; it is in men's biological nature to be aggressive and dominant.

Question 39

A distinguishing feature of radical feminism is its focus on patriarchy and human reproduction and how this is used as a basis to force women into __________.

Question 40

___________ feminists argue that it is the double oppression of women that leads both to their victimization and to their criminality.

Question 41

John Hagan argues that girls in patriarchal families are forced to either endure or escape their domestic oppression and will look for ___________ exits resulting in their designation as deviant or delinquent.

Question 42

Postmodern feminists who write about crime, law, and social control celebrate the legitimacy of discounted ____________.

Question 43

According to Kathleen Daly and Meda Chesney-Lind, there are five key features that distinguish feminist criminology from mainstream criminology. What are these features and how do they relate to the nature of gender?

Question 44

According to your text, there are two varieties of radical feminism; radical libertarian feminism and radical cultural feminism. What are the differences between these two varieties?

Question 45

There are four types of feminist discussed throughout this chapter. Please list and describe these types.

Question 46

What does John Hagan's Power-Control Theory suggest? Do you think this theory is fitting to explain the criminality of children from single-parent families? What about children of same-sex parents?

Question 47

What do postmodern feminist and standpoint feminism emphasize?