Deck 8: What Causes Us to Hold Biases Against Outgroups

Question 1

During the selective _______ part of the perception process, Richard picks out cues from his cultural landscape, selectively choosing from incoming data.

A) selection
B) interpretation
C) attention
D) organization and labeling

Answer 1

C

Question 2

When we group our perceptions and label these groupings with a symbol or name, we partake in the process of human perception known as

A) selective attention.
B) selective organization and labeling.
C) selective interpretation.
D) mindful stereotyping.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Included in the interpretation step of the perception process is a move beyond "interpretation," in which individuals arrive at a(n)

A) selective organization.
B) selective labeling.
C) evaluative judgment.
D) selective attention.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Considering the views and standards of our own ingroup as much more important than those of any outgroup is a description of

A) selection.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) attribution.
D) organization.

Question 5

As a minority group member, when Naomi interacts with members of the dominant ethnic group in her culture, she is asked insensitive questions and is spoken to very slowly. She is experiencing the degree of ethnocentrism called the distance of

A) avoidance.
B) disparagement.
C) indifference.
D) violence.

Question 6

A person who tells racist jokes and uses hate-filled speech to denigrate members of other cultures has high ethnocentrism and behaves in a way reflective of the distance of

A) indifference.
B) avoidance.
C) disparagement.
D) denial of cultural difference.

Question 7

Mai believes that all cultures are the same as her own superior culture and that all other cultural communities should follow her cultural norms and practices. According to the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS), Mai is in which state of ethnocentrism?

A) Minimization of cultural difference
B) Adaptation to cultural difference
C) Denial of cultural difference
D) Acceptance of cultural difference

Question 8

According to the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity, in the "_______ of cultural difference" stage/state, individuals intentionally incorporate diverse cultural worldviews into their identity.

A) adaptation
B) minimization
C) acceptance
D) integration

Question 9

According to the stereotype content model, "perception of warmth" is based on if we perceive there is/are _______ between our country and another country.

A) adequate technological links
B) competition or cooperation
C) status differences
D) exploitation

Question 10

In _______ stereotyping, we assume that the categories we have been using are merely "first best guesses" rather than definitive answers.

A) mindless or inflexible
B) ethnocentric
C) objective
D) mindful or flexible

Question 11

When we engage in _______ stereotyping, we use rigid categories to evaluate the behaviors of outgroup members.

A) mindless
B) ethnorelative
C) mindful
D) structural

Question 12

Which is not a characteristic of mindful stereotyping?

A) Premature closure
B) Information openness
C) Loose interpretations
D) Willingness to change categories

Question 13

Thom spends a lot of time with his fraternity brothers. The more time he spends with this ingroup, the greater the expectations of

A) conformity.
B) prejudice.
C) negativity.
D) self-effacement.

Question 14

Richard observes a study-abroad student throw her books down on the desk. He engages in _______ as he attempts to find a reason or explanation for why she behaved this way.

A) ethnocentrism
B) perception
C) identity
D) attribution

Question 15

Samantha attributed her A on her exam to her natural intelligence and another student's A to his bribing the teacher. This demonstrates which attribution principle?

A) Favorable self-bias and other-derogation principle
B) Principle of negativity
C) Self-effacement bias
D) Underestimating situational factors

Question 16

The fundamental attribution error includes the explanation that we tend to _______ negative personality factors in explaining a stranger's negative event and _______ situational factors.

A) overestimate; underestimate
B) underestimate; overestimate
C) attribute; perceive
D) perceive; select

Question 17

According to the text, when an outgroup member is fired from their job, we tend to use _______ attributions to explain this event.

A) positive dispositional
B) situational
C) negative dispositional
D) neutral

Question 18

According to the text, "fundamental attribution error" refers to the idea of underestimating _______ factors and overestimating _______ factors in explaining outgroup members' undesirable events.

A) situational; dispositional
B) personality; ethical
C) situational; ethical
D) dispositional; situational

Question 19

_______ generally describe(s) an individual's feelings and predispositions toward outgroup members in a negative direction.

A) Prejudice
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Situational attributions
D) Dispositional attributions

Question 20

Much of Jay's prejudice toward a particular minority group in his culture involves seeing himself as a victim and blaming the minority group for taking all the jobs. This illustrates which theory or approach to prejudice?

A) Exploitation theory
B) Scapegoating theory
C) Authoritarian personality approach
D) Structural approach

Question 21

During the post-Civil War era in the United States, government institutions promoted a policy whereby only those who owned land or were literate could vote, thereby negating the chances for newly freed individuals to vote and continuing their plight. To which theory or approach to the development of prejudice does this explanation relate?

A) Exploitation theory
B) Scapegoating theory
C) Authoritarian personality approach
D) Structural approach

Question 22

The test bias in some of the national standardized tests that privileged upper-class college students is reflective of the _______ approach of prejudice.

A) structural
B) authoritarian personality
C) scapegoating
D) exploitation

Question 23

A _______ would stay quiet or even chime/join in when their friends start to bully another minority member.

A) active bigot
B) fair weather liberal
C) timid bigot
D) proactive change agent

Question 24

The term _______ refers to the unearned or earned advantages and resources readily available to a particular identity group or member.

A) distributive power
B) social justice
C) privilege
D) integrative power

Question 25

"I thought you'd talk a lot more with your hands because you're Italian" is an example of which form of microaggression?

A) Microinsult
B) Microinvalidation
C) Microassault
D) Privileged

Question 26

The first part of the perception process involves making interpretations of the data we receive.

Question 27

Ethnocentrism is a defense mechanism used to view one's own culture as superior to others.

Question 28

A microaggression can be intentional or unintentional.

Question 29

To reduce prejudice, it is important to recognize that others may have experiences that we may not be able to fully grasp.

Question 30

Stereotyping is inevitable in everyday social intergroup interactions.

Question 31

Identify one of the three communication degrees of ethnocentrism, citing an example.

Question 32

Describe one of the four macro or societal explanations for the development of prejudice.

Question 33

Using the two axes (high/low prejudiced attitudes and high/low discriminatory practices) of the Prejudice-Discrimination Typology, identify and describe one of the four types and give an example.

Question 34

Is it possible to completely stop stereotyping? What can be done about stereotyping?