Deck 9: World War I and the End of the Ottoman Order

Question 1

How did the Ottoman Empire assert its economic independence at the start of World War I?

A) CUP leadership renounced the Capitulations
B) Foreign enterprises were brought under Ottoman jurisdiction and made subject to Ottoman taxes
C) Protectionist tariffs were established
D) All of these answers are correct

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In the early twentieth century, more women entering the civil service and other mainstream professions was a result of ______________.

A) the Arab Revolt
B) the Ottoman Empire engaging in World War I
C) King Faysal's social reforms
D) European management of the Arab states

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT true of Sharif Husayn ibn Ali?

A) He was the amir of Mecca
B) He was responsible for maintaining the sanctity of the two holy cities
C) He held an official position in the Ottoman government
D) He proclaimed the Arab Revolt in 1916

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The Hijaz is now in which country?

A) Turkey
B) Egypt
C) Yemen
D) Saudi Arabia

Question 5

The agreements signed among the Entente powers during World War I did all of the following except _____________________.

A) keep the Entente intact by resolving any postwar disagreement before they surfaced
B) map the future disposition of Ottoman territories
C) take into consideration the needs of the Entente's Arab allies
D) provide territorial compensation to the alliance members

Question 6

Which of the following statements is not true of the Sykes-Picot Agreement?

A) It recognized the independent Arab state exactly as it was proposed to Sharif Husayn ibn Ali
B) It was signed between Britain and France
C) It granted France "direct control" of territory along the Syrian coast
D) It placed Palestine under international administration

Question 7

Post-World War I, the Arab lands of the Ottoman Empire were partitioned into _______________.

A) provinces
B) territories
C) mandates
D) directives

Question 8

Faysal's Syrian kingdom operated under which of the following orientations?

A) Pan-Islamism
B) Pan-Arabism
C) Ottomanism
D) both Pan-Islamism and Pan-Arabism

Question 9

Which Middle Eastern country was never ruled by a foreign power?

A) Yemen
B) Lebanon
C) Iraq
D) Saudi Arabia

Question 10

Certain patterns of Ottoman-style political and social attitudes prevailed in the postwar era because those who retained positions of influence in the new mandate states were __________________.

A) ex-Ottoman civil servants
B) ex-Ottoman military officers
C) local notables
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 11

Which of the following points was included in the Sykes-Picot Agreement?

A) The agreement recognized France's "direct control" of Syrian coast from Lebanon to Anatolia
B) The agreement recognized Britain's "direct control" of Palestine
C) The agreement recognized France's "indirect control" of Hijaz
D) The agreement recognized Britain's "indirect control" of Anatolia

Question 12

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the Arab Revolt?

A) It laid the foundations for the Arabs' claim to an independent state
B) The revolt constituted a popular uprising against the Ottoman Empire
C) Sharif Husayn's tribal forces were led by his son Amir Faysal, who was assisted by a group of Iraqi ex-Ottoman officers
D) The revolt began in 1916 when Husayn's forces attacked the Ottoman garrison at Mecca

Question 13

Who became known by inhabitants of Greater Syria as al-Saffah (the Blood Shedder)?

A) Mustafa Kamal
B) Jamal Pasha
C) Sharif Husayn
D) General Allenby

Question 14

Britain rushed to protect the Persian Gulf at the start of World War I because it was crucial for protecting which imperial concern?

A) Britain's longstanding interests in India
B) Palestine's eastern flank
C) Oil interests in Iraq
D) A buffer zone for the Suez Canal

Question 15

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Gallipoli campaign?

A) Its objective was to force open the Dardanelles and capture Istanbul, thereby cutting the Ottomans off from Germany
B) The British quickly overran Ottoman defenses, thereby opening Entente supply lines to Russia via the Black Sea
C) It was during this campaign that Mustafa Kemal gained a reputation as a resourceful military commander
D) The campaign began in February 1915

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT true of the Balfour Declaration?

A) It called for the creation of Transjordan
B) It was born in part of an effort to appeal to US, Russian, and German Jewry
C) It led to violation of British promise to Husayn for an Arab state
D) With this agreement, Britain sought to secure control of territory adjacent to Suez Canal

Question 17

Which of the following were entailed in the Treaty of Sevres?

A) Greece, a late member to the Entente, received Thrace as a result
B) The straits between the Black and Mediterranean seas were removed from Istanbul's authority and placed under the jurisdiction of an international commission
C) France and Italy won spheres of influence in Anatolia
D) All of these resulted from the Treaty of Sevres

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT accurate concerning the doctrine of Arabism?

A) Pre-war Syria was the first site of its manifestation
B) It was a major part of the basis for the Arab Revolt led by Sharif Husayn
C) It was a demand for Arab autonomy within the Ottoman framework
D) All of these are accurate statements about Arabism.

Question 19

Which is true of Armenian relations with the Ottoman Empire during WWI?

A) The Ottomans carried out forced evacuations of Armenians from eastern and southern Anatolia in what amounted to a death march
B) As many as 1 million Armenian civilians died as result of Ottoman policies in 1915
C) A CUP faction decided that Armenians were collaborating with Russians, thus leading the Ottomans to deem all Armenians a threat to internal security
D) All of these statements regarding Ottoman-Armenian interaction are true

Question 20

Which of these is true of Transjordan?

A) Another state carved into the modern Middle East by Britain
B) A new amirate to be led by a Hashimite
C) The result of a British attempt to foster stability by assuaging Sharif Husayn's family in the wake of French takeover of Syria
D)All of these statements accurately describe Transjordan

Question 21

The assertion of economic independence in the Ottoman Empire created more favorable investment opportunities for Muslims and reduced the advantages held by Europeans.

Question 22

The reason the British high-commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon, gave when he refused to accept Sharif Husayn ibn Ali's demand for control over the Syrian coast in their bargain for a Husayn-led Arab revolt, was that the territory was claimed by France.

Question 23

The British never agreed to recognize an independent Arab state after World War I.

Question 24

The mandate system established by the Allied powers through the San Remo Conference was little more than nineteenth-century imperialism repurposed to give the appearance of self-determination.

Question 25

The governments of the postwar successor states of the former Ottoman Empire-first under European control, and later under independent Arab regimes-would continue the pragmatic Ottoman practice of tolerating a rich diversity of religious and cultural practices.

Question 26

For the opportunity to strike Russia, the Ottoman Empire joined the __________________.

Question 27

On October 31, 1918, the signing of the Armistice of Mudros brought an end to the war in the Middle East as well as the end of the __________________.

Question 28

After securing an agreement from Britain regarding the proposed territories in his Arab state, Sharif Husayn ibn Ali committed himself to an all-out armed uprising and to a denunciation of the Ottoman regime as an enemy of __________________.

Question 29

The modern Iraqi state is composed of three Ottoman provinces: Basra, Baghdad, and __________________.

Question 30

In 1920, the proclamation of Syria as an independent state with __________________ as its king seemed to signify the rebirth of the Arab kingdom.

Question 31

How did the Ottoman Empire's stance in World War I impact its economic and social order?

Question 32

How did the CUP leadership rally the Muslim population of the Ottoman Empire to support the cause of war?

Question 33

How did Sharif Husayn ibn Ali, leader of the 1916 Arab Revolt, make his actions appealing to Muslims of the Ottoman Empire?

Question 34

What did the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire end for the Arab peoples living within those domains?

Question 35

What did the Ottoman Empire symbolize for its Muslim Arab subjects that did not carry on under postwar European rule?

Question 36

What is the Husayn-McMahon correspondence? Why has it proven so controversial?

Question 37

Briefly describe the operations that the CUP carried out in Armenia during World War I.

Question 38

How was Faysal's declaration of an independent Syrian kingdom greeted by the Arab world and the European powers?

Question 39

Elizabeth Monroe has described European attempts to secure their interests in the Middle East as "expansionist bookings-in-advance." Briefly explain and provide examples of these "advanced bookings."

Question 40

Briefly describe how the Ottoman Empire attempted to rally its Muslim population against Britain and France during World War I.

Question 41

Describe the effects that World War I had on the Ottoman Empire and its inhabitants.

Question 42

The Ottoman Empire on the eve of World War I has often been described as the "sick man of Europe." How well does this description reflect the Ottoman Empire's military performance during the war?