Deck 8: Relationships

Question 1

Which is/are true of adolescent friendships?

A) Most teenage males choose females as their best friends.
B) Intimacy is a characteristic of adolescent friendships, especially for boys.
C) Middle-class White girls are more likely than low-income Black girls to report competition and jealousy in their friendships.
D) all of the above

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Studies of gender differences in friendship show that:

A) women value friendship much more than men do.
B) women are more likely than men to achieve closeness through sharing thoughts and feelings with their friends.
C) women are more likely than men to achieve closeness through sharing activities with their friends.
D) all of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which is/are true of older adults and their friends?

A) Women are more engaged with friends and social networks than are men.
B) Older women's best friends are equally likely to be men and women.
C) Older middle-class women's friendships are based more on informal mutual aid, whereas older working class women's friendships often come from shared membership in an association.
D) all of the above

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following statements about friendships of lesbians and other sexual minorities is not correct?

A) For lesbians in committed relationships, friendships with other women are unimportant.
B) Friendship can help sexual minorities maintain a positive sexual identity within a hostile social environment.
C) Friendship can serve as an extended family for sexual minorities.
D) Friendships can be very supportive for middle-aged and older lesbians.

Question 5

Examination of personal ads shows that:

A) men, compared to women, place more importance on the physical attractiveness of their partner.
B) women are more likely than men to value the status and resources of a partner.
C) heterosexual women, compared to lesbian women, are more likely to offer attractiveness.
D) all of the above

Question 6

Compared to midlife men, midlife women:

A) are more comfortable with their appearance.
B) are more satisfied with their bodies.
C) use more age concealment techniques.
D) all of the above

Question 7

Which is not true about the importance of physical attractiveness?

A) It denigrates women by placing more importance on superficial characteristics than on behaviors and accomplishments.
B) Lesbians are more likely to base their relationships on physical appearance.
C) More young mothers are getting "mommy makeovers".
D) The demand for cosmetic genital surgery is increasing in the United States and the United Kingdom as more women seek to have "designer vaginas".

Question 8

Cross-cultural research on valued characteristics of mates shows that:

A) the U.S. was the only country examined in which men valued physical attractiveness more than women did.
B) in most of the countries women valued earning power more than men did.
C) in the 1990s neither women nor men in any of the countries examined reported that chastity
Was an important characteristic.
D) all of the above

Question 9

Research on the perception of sexual interest shows that:

A) women are more likely than men to misperceive friendliness as indicating sexual interest.
B) some young adults rely on nonsexual cues, such as initiating a date, to judge sexual interest.
C) women are more likely than men to assume that flirting indicates sexual interest.
D) all of the above

Question 10

According to Margaret Nosek and her colleagues, women with disabilities have several concerns about dating. Which is not one of these concerns?

A) physical obstacles in the environment.
B) ability to attract dating partners.
C) too much pressure from family to date.
D) the assumption that they are uninterested in sexual intimacy.

Question 11

Which ethnic group of teens begins sexual activity earliest?

A) Blacks
B) Latinos/as
C) Whites
D) Asian Americans

Question 12

Teenagers are more likely to begin dating early if they:

A) reach puberty early.
B) associate with older peers.
C) are from one-parent families.
D) all of the above

Question 13

What of the following statements about dating is/are true?

A) The age when U. S. adolescents start dating has increased over the past 25 years.
B) The dating scripts of lesbians are not as strongly gender-typed as those of heterosexual women.
C) College students' expected dating behaviors and their actual dating behaviors are very different.
D) Delayed onset of dating is associated with being poor and living in a single-parent or step-parent family.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about research findings on behaviors and roles in heterosexual dating relationships is/are correct?

A) College students expect males to plan the first date.
B) Almost all dating couples view their relationship as egalitarian.
C) Couples that perceive a power inequality in their relationship are more likely to view the female as the more powerful partner.
D) all of the above

Question 15

The study of partnering "markets" in Chicago by Laumann and his colleagues found that:

A) Women were more likely than men to meet a partner through work or church as they got older
B) In Latino/a neighborhoods, family, friends and the church played a more important role in meeting partners than in other areas
C) Young, upper-income individuals were more apt than other individuals to find partners at school or work
D) all of the above

Question 16

Which is true of online dating sites?

A) The popularity of these sites has increased in the past few years
B) The popularity of these sites has declined because almost no successful long-term relationships result
C) Traditional dating scripts rarely apply online, since women usually send the first e-mail message
D) The image of online dating as a last resort for loser or a meeting ground for casual sex is growing rapidly

Question 17

Which is true of older singles and dating?

A) They are more interested than younger singles in getting married.
B) Most older women prefer dating younger men.
C) Most older singles who date are primarily looking for partners or companions.
D) all of the above

Question 18

Among Blacks, Latinas, and Whites, ______ are the least likely to be married.

A) Whites
B) Blacks
C) Latinas
D) Marriage rates are equal for the three groups

Question 19

Which of the following statements about marriage rates is/are correct?

A) Women are much more likely than men to marry.
B) The rate of interracial marriage in the U.S. is declining.
C) The age of first marriage has gone up since the 1970s.
D) all of the above

Question 20

College-educated women, compared to those with only a high-school degree:

A) are more likely to get married
B) get married later
C) get married earlier
D) a and b

Question 21

Which of the following statements about marital satisfaction is/are correct?

A) Women express greater marital satisfaction than men.
B) Good communication among spouses is related to greater satisfaction.
C) Marital satisfaction increases when children are born.
D) all of the above

Question 22

Which is true of marital satisfaction?

A) It decreases over time for men, but increases for women.
B) It increases over time for couples who have no children.
C) It increases for couples after the birth of the first child.
D) It decreases over time for couples, especially those who become parents.

Question 23

Comparisons of married and unmarried individuals shows that married people are:

A) physically healthier.
B) psychologically healthier.
C) happier.
D) all of the above

Question 24

Which is true of marital benefits?

A) The "marriage benefit" is greater for women than men.
B) Marital stress affects women's health more than men's.
C) Men are happier than women when children are born.
D) all of the above

Question 25

Which of the following statements about cohabitation is not correct?

A) Few married couples cohabit prior to marriage.
B) Married couples who cohabited before marriage have higher levels of domestic violence.
C) Married couples who cohabited before marriage have higher divorce rates than those who did not.
D) People who cohabit are not as content about their relationship as are married couples.

Question 26

Individuals who are more negative about cohabitation tend to:

A) be unreligious.
B) hold traditional views about sex.
C) hold nontraditional views about gender roles and behaviors.
D) all of the above

Question 27

Which is/are true about cohabitation?

A) The majority of first marriages and remarriages follow a period of cohabitation.
B) Cohabitation serves as a way to determine whether couples are compatible.
C) At least 50 percent of couples in the United States and Europe live together before marriage.
D) all of the above

Question 28

"The higher divorce rate of couples who previously cohabited compared to those who did not can be explained by different attitudes toward marriage and divorce held by individuals in these two groups." This explanation illustrates:

A) a "marriage benefit" effect.
B) a stereotype effect.
C) a selection effect.
D) none of the above.

Question 29

A selection effect can account for the greater marital instability of couples who cohabited prior to marriage compared to couples who did not. This effect refers to:

A) the tendency for unattractive people more than attractive people to consent to cohabitation for fear of being alone.
B) the tendency for psychologically disturbed individuals more than healthy individuals to be willing to cohabit.
C) the different attitudes toward marriage and divorce held by individuals who cohabit and those who do not.
D) the tendency for men to take advantage of women who are willing to cohabit.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about lesbian relationships is/are correct?

A) Few lesbians are in committed relationships.
B) Gay men are more likely than lesbians to be in a committed relationship.
C) Lesbian relationships are characterized by more equality of power than are heterosexual relationships.
D) all of the above

Question 31

Which is a stressor that lesbian couples may face?

A) Their relationship often is not socially accepted.
B) One of them has a lesbian identity that is more critical to her self-concept than that of her
Partner
C) They may be denied domestic partner insurance.
D) All of the above

Question 32

Approximately ____ percentage of all marriages end in divorce.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 75

Question 33

Divorce rates are higher among than among .

A) nondisabled women; women with disabilities
B) Black women; women of other ethnicities
C) college-educated women; non-college educated women.
D) all of the above

Question 34

Which of the following statements about divorce rates is/are correct?

A) Asian Americans have the lowest divorce rate of any ethnic group in the U.S.
B) Disabled men are more likely than disabled women to experience divorce.
C) White women have a higher divorce rate than other groups of women in the U.S.
D) all of the above

Question 35

In the United States, ______ have the lowest divorce rate and ______ have the highest.

A) Latinos; Whites
B) Asian Americans; Blacks
C) Native Americans; Asians
D) Blacks; Latinos

Question 36

Evidence regarding the effects of divorce on children shows that:

A) immediately following divorce, children tend to experience a variety of emotional and behavioral problems.
B) children in conflict-ridden families have more psychological problems than children in divorced families.
C) several years post-divorce, there are few differences in the psychological adjustment of children in divorced families and children in two-parent families.
D) all of the above

Question 37

Evidence regarding the effects of divorce on children shows that

A) children in joint custody are as well-adjusted as those in two-parent families.
B) children may experience emotional, academic, and behavioral problems immediately following divorce.
C) girls are more likely to experience problems after divorce than boys.
D) a and b

Question 38

Evidence regarding the effects of divorce on women shows that

A) most divorced women are unhappier a few years after their divorce than they were during the last year of their marriage.
B) most divorced women experience no increase in depression or distress even immediately after the breakup.
C) most divorced women experience little long-term effect on their psychological adjustment.
D) none of the above

Question 39

Evidence regarding the effects of divorce on women shows that:

A) Black mothers show a greater sense of mastery than White mothers following divorce.
B) The majority of divorced mothers with young children receive full child support on a regular basis.
C) Women from higher income groups are at greater risk for depression following divorce than are women from lower income groups.
D) none of the above

Question 40

Currently, approximately _____ percent of women in the U.S. age 75 and over have never married.

A) 1
B) 4
C) 12
D) 20

Question 41

Research on never-married women shows that these women tend to:

A) have few social contacts.
B) enjoy their freedom.
C) are less likely than their married sisters to provide caregiving for their aging parents.
D) all of the above

Question 42

Which is/are true of never married, heterosexual women?

A) An increasing number are choosing to become mothers via adoption or sperm donation.
B) They enjoy their opportunities for personal growth.
C) They are purchasing homes as well as buying second, vacation homes.
D) all of the above

Question 43

Compared with married women, never-married women are:

A) more likely to have chronic health problems.
B) more likely to be depressed.
C) better educated.
D) all of the above

Question 44

Adjustment to widowhood is harder if:

A) the woman has a history of depression.
B) the marriage was very satisfying.
C) the husband's death followed the deaths of close relatives and friends.
D) a and c

Question 45

Which of the following statements comparing younger and older widows is/are correct?

A) Younger widows initially experience more distress following the death of their spouse than older widows do.
B) Younger widows tend to have less forewarning of the spouse's impending death.
C) Because they are in better physical health, younger widows cope more effectively with the death of a spouse, both initially and in the long run.
D) a and b

Question 46

Which is/are true of widowhood?

A) Older widows initially have a harder time coping than younger widows.
B) Widows are more likely to remarry than are widowers.
C) Men suffer more than women from the death of a spouse.
D) all of the above

Question 47

Which of the following statements about the experiences of women and men during widowhood is/are correct?

A) Widowed men are more likely than widowed women to commit suicide.
B) Women are more likely than men to suffer psychologically after the death of a spouse.
C) Women are more likely than men to experience physical problems after the death of a spouse.
D) all of the above

Question 48

The longitudinal study of Australian widows found that:

A) Their concerns focused entirely on the experience of bereavement and loss
B) They worried about their personal finances
C) Relationships with friends, neighbors and social groups diminished over time
D) b and c

Question 49

Which of the following statements about the loss of a same-sex partner is/are correct?

A) The loss of a same-sex partner is especially stressful if the relationship was public; that is, out in the open.
B) Even when the relationship was public, friends may not understand the depth of the loss.
C) Some lesbians and gay men are additionally burdened by their ineligibility for survivor benefits.
D) b and c

Question 50

The "good mother" stereotype:

A) can lead to blaming mothers for their children's problems.
B) reflects an assumption that mothers have more knowledge than fathers do about taking care of children.
C) reflects an assumption that mothers are more self-sacrificing than fathers are.
D) all of the above

Question 51

The media praise middle-class mothers who leave the workplace to stay home with their children. This is an example of the:

A) matriarch stereotype.
B) superwoman stereotype.
C) new momism.
D) sex-role spillover hypothesis.

Question 52

Studies of single mothers indicate that:

A) the percentage of single mothers who have never been married has increased in recent decades.
B) more single mothers are White than any other ethnicity.
C) single mothers are likely to be poor.
D) all of the above

Question 53

Which of the following statements about single parents is not true?

A) More female-headed then male-headed single-parent families are poor.
B) Fewer households are headed by a single father than a single mother.
C) Approximately 2/3 of single mothers are Black.
D) An increasing number of single mothers are college-educated, middle-aged, never-married women.

Question 54

families include adult nonrelatives in the same household as a mother and her children, and families include at least one adult relative in the same household as a mother and her children:

A) Matriarchal; patriarchal
B) Patriarchal; matriarchal
C) Augmented; extended
D) Extended; augmented

Question 55

Compared to heterosexual mothers, lesbian mothers:

A) tend to be less nurturant.
B) are equally likely to purchase gender-stereotyped toys for their children.
C) are less traditional as gender role models.
D) all of the above

Question 56

Compared to children raised in heterosexual families, children raised in lesbian families are:

A) less likely to have stereotyped notions about gender roles.
B) more likely to have transgender identity.
C) more likely to have a lesbian, gay, or bisexual orientation.
D) a and b

Question 57

The period in a parent's life when children no longer live at home is called the period.

A) post-parental
B) golden years
C) spillover
D) empty nest

Question 58

According to the text, women in the empty nest period frequently:

A) are very depressed.
B) have an increase in conflict with their husbands.
C) feel that they have new opportunities for self-development.
D) a and b

Question 59

Which of the following is true?

A) Once young people leave home to go to college, they rarely live with their parents again.
B) Half of young adults in their 20's and early 30's live with their parents.
C) Fewer of today's young adults live with their parents than was the case a generation ago.
D) Both a and c

Question 60

Which is/are true of older people and their siblings?

A) Feelings of closeness among siblings increase throughout the course of adulthood.
B) Whites depend on their siblings for practical assistance more than Blacks do.
C) Relationships with brothers are as emotionally close as relationships with sisters.
D) none of the above

Question 61

Older adults who have close relationships with their siblings are more likely than those who do not to:

A) have high morale.
B) feel emotionally secure.
C) have a lower incidence of depression
D) all of the above

Question 62

Which of the following statements about the living arrangements of the elderly is/are correct?

A) After losing a partner, most elderly adults prefer living with friends or relatives to living alone.
B) The majority of divorced or widowed older adults live alone.
C) Living with a child is the most popular living preference for older adults.
D) none of the above

Question 63

What percent of elderly parents have an adult child living within 10 miles?

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75

Question 64

Which ethnic group of elderly adults is least likely to live with their children?

A) Asian American
B) Black
C) Latina
D) White

Question 65

Multigenerational households are common in:

A) the U.S.
B) China
C) Canada
D) all of the above

Question 66

In developing countries:

A) most older adults live alone.
B) older women are more likely to live with a daughter than a son.
C) few older adults live alone.
D) a and b

Question 67

Which of the following statements about grandmothers is/are true?

A) About half of American women become grandparents before they reach the age of 50.
B) Fewer than 10% of American women become grandparents before they reach the age of 50.
C) Once they become grandparents, most employed women quit their jobs so that they can devote more time to grandparenting activities.
D) a and c

Question 68

Which is/are true of grandparents and grandchildren?

A) The number of children living with a grandparent has decreased over the last few decades.
B) Grandmothers, compared to grandfathers, generally have warmer relationships with their grandchildren.
C) Grandparents who are raising their grandchildren are automatically granted the status of legal guardian.
D) All of the above.

Question 69

In rural Gambia, toddlers are more likely to survive if _____________ is present:

A) their paternal grandmother
B) their maternal grandmother
C) their paternal grandfather
D) their maternal grandfather

Question 70

Which is/are true of grandparents and grandchildren?

A) Social and economic support for grandchildren is more prevalent among ethnic minority groups than among Whites.
B) The majority of grandparents who are raising their grandchildren are White.
C) Grandchildren usually are ineligible for coverage under grandparent's medical insurance, even if they have custody.
D) all of the above

Question 71

Of the 7.1 million grandparents living with a grandchild, close to _______% are raising their grandchildren without a parent present.

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 72

The increase in children living in homes with a grandparent is a result of

A) an increase in single mothers.
B) new immigrants with a tradition of multigenerational households.
C) elderly adults moving in with their adult children's families.
D) all of the above

Question 73

Black women who are raising their grandchildren, compared to White women

A) report feeling more burdened.
B) report feeling less satisfied in their caregiving role.
C) are generally in poorer health.
D) a and b

Question 74

Discuss gender differences in friendship, and give possible explanations for these differences.

Question 75

Describe the attributes that females and males value in a dating partner. Also, discuss common gender-related behaviors in dating relationships. Show how gender differences in both valued attributes and behaviors are related to societal stereotypes.

Question 76

How do the dating scripts of females and males differ?

Question 77

Discuss cultural similarities and differences in valued characteristics of a mate.

Question 78

Compare the relationship satisfaction of cohabiting couples to married couples. Give reasons for observed differences.

Question 79

Discuss the benefits provided by marriage in later life. What evidence is there that the benefits are greater for men than for women?

Question 80

Describe lesbian relationships, including the nature of their gender-related behaviors, their unique stressors, and their relationship satisfaction.