Deck 1: Introduction to the Psychology of Women: History and Research

Question 1

In this textbook the word gender is used to refer to

A) classification of individuals as female or male based on their genetic makeup.
B) the social and cultural aspects of being female or male.
C) both of the above.
D) neither of the above.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The viewpoint that emphasizes the differences between the behaviors of women and men is known as

A) the alpha bias.
B) the beta bias.
C) essentialism.
D) sexism.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the study of gender differences is not correct?

A) An emphasis on gender similarities is referred to as the beta bias.
B) An emphasis on gender differences is referred to as the alpha bias.
C) Cultural feminists emphasize the differences approach.
D) The beta bias is related to the concept of essentialism.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The theories of Carol Gilligan and Nancy Chodorow illustrate which approach?

A) liberal feminism
B) socialist feminism
C) radical feminism
D) cultural feminism

Question 5

The belief that women and men should have the same political, legal, economic, and educational rights and opportunities is called

A) liberal feminism.
B) cultural feminism.
C) socialist feminism.
D) radical feminism.

Question 6

Which form of feminism states that there are differences between women and men and that women's attributes should be given more respect?

A) liberal feminism
B) cultural feminism
C) women of color feminism (womanism)
D) radical feminism

Question 7

Which form of feminism contends that gender inequality is rooted in the economic structure of North American society?

A) socialist feminism
B) cultural feminism
C) women of color feminism (womanism)
D) radical feminism

Question 8

Whereas socialist feminism believes that is the source of gender inequality, radical feminism argues that is the source.

A) inborn traits; capitalism
B) racism; capitalism
C) patriarchy; inborn traits
D) capitalism; men

Question 9

Patriarchy is of central importance to

A) socialist feminism.
B) radical feminism.
C) cultural feminism.
D) liberal feminism.

Question 10

Women of color feminism contends that

A) the feminist movement has focused primarily on the needs of White women.
B) classicism and racism are as important as sexism.
C) women will not achieve equality with men unless technology takes over reproductive functions.
D) a and b

Question 11

The view that emphasizes a woman's individual responsibility for achieving equity with
Men, while downplaying the role of cultural, social, and economic forces, is called:

A) radical feminism
B) socialist feminism
C) neoliberal feminism
D) liberal feminism

Question 12

The first woman to receive a Ph.D in psychology in America was:

A) Mary Whiton Calkins.
B) Margaret Floy Washburn.
C) Christine Ladd-Franklin.
D) Margaret Kuenne Harlow.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about women's involvement in the American Psychological Association (APA) is/are correct?

A) Women now hold the majority of leadership roles in the APA.
B) No woman has ever been president of the APA.
C) Women currently represent approximately 1/4 of the APA members.
D) none of the above

Question 14

Which of the following assertions have been offered in support of the viewpoint that women are inferior to men?

A) Women's brains are smaller than men's.
B) Brain weight relative to body weight is greater in men than in women.
C) The corpus callosum is larger in men than in women.
D) All of the above.

Question 15

Which of the following psychologists did not carry out research that challenged assumptions of female inferiority?

A) Helen Thompson Woolley
B) Leta Stetter Hollingworth
C) Margaret Kuenne Harlow
D) Ruth Bleier

Question 16

Events of the 1960s signaled the beginning of the modern feminist movement in the United States
And included all except

A) The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan
B) Women's right to vote
C) formation of NOW
D) Equal Pay Act

Question 17

Currently, what percentage of doctoral degrees in psychology are awarded to women?

A) under 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) nearly 75%

Question 18

According to the text, which of the following helps explain why psychological research has only infrequently examined topics related to girls and women?

A) Most researchers have been women and they have wanted to learn more about men.
B) Female respondents have not been available for investigation.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 19

Which of the following influences selection of topics for psychological research?

A) the gender of the researcher
B) assumptions about gender characteristics
C) assumptions about the characteristics of ethnic groups
D) all of the above

Question 20

Dr. Joyce Lin wanted to examine the feminist attitudes of young adult women in the U. S. Consequently, she administered a feminist attitude questionnaire to 100 young adult women from each of three universities. The 300 tested women form the _______ and young adult women in the U. S. comprise the _______.

A) effect size; population.
B) meta-analysis; effect size.
C) sample; population.
D) population; sample.

Question 21

Which of the following does not characterize most participants in psychological research?

A) white
B) working class
C) able-bodied
D) heterosexual

Question 22

Which of the following statements about the current presentation of participants' gender in research articles is/are correct?

A) Regardless of whether they examine both genders or only one, all researchers report the
Number of participants of each gender included in their study.
B) The gender composition of the research participants is specified only when both genders are examined.
C) The title of the article always specifies whether the study involved both genders or only one.
D) none of the above

Question 23

Which of the following is a prominent ethnic minority woman psychologist?

A) Lillian Comas-Diaz.
B) Teresa LaFromboise.
C) Pamela Trotman Reid.
D) all of the above

Question 24

As research samples are often restricted to middle class women, problems that have a greater impact on poor women are rarely studied. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding research involving poor women?

A) Little is known about sexual harassment of low income women by their landlords even though it is a common occurrence.
B) Relatively little is known about women in blue collar jobs.
C) When researchers do study the poor, they tend to focus on people of color, perpetuating a biased assumption about ethnicity and social class.
D) all of the above

Question 25

According to the text, problems that stem from the overrepresentation of White middle class women in psychological research include

A) faulty generalizations to underrepresented groups.
B) devaluation of the experiences of excluded groups.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.

Question 26

The recent review of aggression in children found that girls, compared to boys, show:

A) more relational aggression.
B) more physical aggression.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.

Question 27

The term "statistical significance" means that the research findings

A) have societal importance.
B) are not due to chance alone.
C) are due primarily to chance.
D) a and b

Question 28

Which of the following is a bias in interpreting the results of research?

A) interpreting the results in a way that suggests female weakness
B) generalizing results from one group to other groups
C) assuming that the presence of gender differences implies a biological cause
D) all of the above.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about communicating research findings is/are correct?

A) There is a publication bias that favors studies showing no gender differences.
B) There is a publication bias that favors studies showing gender differences.
C) The use of female pronouns to refer to both genders now is common in psychological research articles.
D) b and c

Question 30

Feminist research methods might include the _____ approach in which participants are asked to describe, in their own words, a particular event or feeling; or the _____ approach in which participants are asked to complete a questionnaire indicating how often they have experienced a variety of feelings.

A) informal; formal
B) indirect; direct
C) qualitative; quantitative
D) objective; subjective

Question 31

Which of the following is/are methodological problems that must be addressed when performing cross-cultural research?

A) Samples in different countries might not reflect their populations similarly.
B) Similar findings might have different meanings in different countries.
C) The results might vary across countries.
D) a and b

Question 32

An early traditional way of examining psychological gender differences involved sorting through many studies on a particular topic and giving each study the same weight regardless of the sample size or magnitude of the difference is known as the _______.

A) box score approach
B) meta-analytic
C) statistical method approach
D) narrative approach

Question 33

Meta-analysis is a statistical method in which

A) each study is given the same weight regardless of its sample size.
B) each study is given the same weight regardless of the magnitude of the reported difference.
C) researchers count the number of studies finding a difference.
D) a measure is provided of the size of a given difference across several studies.

Question 34

Feminist research values include all of the following except the belief that research should

A) be value-free.
B) promote social change.
C) attempt to empower women.
D) examine diverse groups of women.

Question 35

In meta-analysis, an effect size of .50 is considered:

A) small
B) moderate
C) large
D) meaningful

Question 36

In meta-analysis, the value of d is large when the difference between means is ______, and the variability within each group is _______.

A) large; large
B) small; small
C) small; large
D) large; small

Question 37

Which arithmetic process best describes the concept of intersectionality?

A) addition
B) subtraction
C) multiplication
D) division

Question 38

According to the text, which of the following statements about the term, "race," is not correct?

A) Race refers to attitudes and traditions associated with a group of people.
B) Race refers to physical characteristics of people.
C) The concept of race is problematic because there is considerable genetic diversity among people classified as a single race.
D) There is controversy among experts about what constitutes a single race.

Question 39

Which of the following types of power is considered desirable by feminist psychologists?

A) males' organizational power
B) power-to
C) males' interpersonal power
D) power-over

Question 40

Leah Rubin is a middle-level manager who has the resources to reward her subordinates' good performance and punish their poor performance. The type of power held by Leah is called

A) interpersonal power.
B) power-to.
C) organizational power.
D) subordinate power.

Question 41

Maria Lopez feels in control of her life. She feels she has the ability and opportunity to make important decisions that will influence her personal development. The type of power held by Maria is called

A) interpersonal power.
B) power-to.
C) organizational power.
D) power-over.

Question 42

Which of the following is not consistent with the concept of the social construction of gender?

A) Gender differences have their basis in biological factors.
B) Conceptions of femaleness and maleness can vary from culture to culture.
C) Our conceptions of specific groups of females and males are influenced by environmental forces.
D) An individual's conceptions of femaleness and maleness can be affected by that person's experiences.

Question 43

According to the _____ view, the traits, behaviors, and roles that we assume with females and males are not inherent in one's sex; they are shaped by numerous interpersonal, cultural, and societal forces.

A) social desirability
B) social construction of gender
C) interpersonal power
D) intersectionality

Question 44

The male dominance that characterizes virtually all societies is known as:

A) power
B) privilege
C) hegemonic masculinity
D) male as normative

Question 45

Differentiate between the similarities and differences approaches to the study of gender differences.

Question 46

Identify and define the five types of feminism presented in the text.

Question 47

Describe the changing involvement of women in the field of psychology.

Question 48

Describe the highlights in the development of the psychology of women.

Question 49

Discuss gender and ethnic biases in psychological research. Identify effects of these biases on our knowledge about girls and women.

Question 50

Discuss principles of feminist research.

Question 51

Differentiate between the narrative and meta-analytic approaches to drawing conclusions from multiple studies.

Question 52

Differentiate between organizational and interpersonal power. Give one example of a gender imbalance in each type of power.

Question 53

Differentiate between power-over and power-to. Indicate which type of power is considered desirable from a feminist perspective and give reasons why.

Question 54

Discuss the distinction between power and privilege.